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Speech Science > connected discourse > Flashcards

connected discourse Flashcards

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1
Q

what does ‘concatenated’ mean?

A

artificial speech with pure phonemes, not co-articulated. Sounds like robo-voice- in real life phonetic boundaries aren’t fixed and acoustic reliasations are different

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2
Q

What factors affect phonetics in connected discourse

A

speech rate, speaking style, prosody, characteristics and emotion

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3
Q

what is coarticulation?

A

gestures for adjacent segments overlap in time– prepare articulation for next phoneme so effects neighbouring sounds- speech is fast; can occur over a number of segments

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4
Q

articulatory, acoustic and perceptual effects

A

can be modelled by articulation, features are carried through adjacent phonemes, coarticulation is expected so sounds strange without despite being potentially unintelligible.

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5
Q

what is speech rate?

A

number of output units (eg syllables or phonemes) produced per unit of time (Eg minute)

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6
Q

what is articulation rate?

A

number of output units (eg syllables or phonemes) produced per unit of time (Eg minute) EXCLUDING PAUSES (possible to train)

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7
Q

how does speech rate affect articulation?

A

1) reduced duration of phonemes
2) articulators undershoot or overshoot (miss target)
3) effect on pause (frequency and duration)

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8
Q

what is within-speaker plasticity?

A

ability to adapt speaking style to audience or situation (dependent on this)

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9
Q

Describe Lindblom’s hyper-hyper theory of speech production (1990)

A

hypO articulation is casual and friendly, hypER articulation is very clear and intonated

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10
Q

Macdonald 13

A

Production-Distribution-Comprehension (PDC) model– argued that speech is always as simple as possible and independent of needs of audience

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11
Q

Burnham 02; Uther 07; said…

A

adapt speech for different audiences (FDS, IDS, PDS)

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12
Q

FDS and IDS are characterised by..

A

lowered speech rate, enhanced segmental constraints: LINGUISTIC DIDACTIC

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13
Q

IDS AND PDS are characterised by…

A

heightened pitch and wide range of voice qualities: AFFECTIVE-EMOTIONAL

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14
Q

PDS is also characterised by…

A

pitch intensity/ volume: ATTENTIONAL

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15
Q

What is the Lucid Project?

A

Hazan and Baker 11: communicative intent to overcome barriers– diapix task; talk over headphones and overcome babble and vocoded speech:
significant change for babble conditions (median pith and range and energy), no change for speech rate and vowel enhancement

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16
Q

Name 3 dysfluencies in speech production

A

reduction, dysfluencies, pauses

17
Q

reduction

A

centralise vowels, reduced vowel space, miss out sounds

18
Q

dysfluencies

A

reeats, restarts, fillers, editing expressions

19
Q

pauses

A

empty or filled pauses (Bartfield, 01)

20
Q

how many dysfluencies do speakers average?

A

Schriberg 2001: 6 per 100 words

21
Q

what are suprasegmental features in sentence prosody?

A

differences in acoustics which change perception and meaning (eg pitch, loudness, rhythm)

22
Q

How can pitch change meaning

A

rising or falling intonation (Eg to form a question) and signal paralinguistic info such as emotion, health and speaking style ( can see in spectrogram)

23
Q

what does ‘reduced form’ mean?

A

when words or phrases are blurred or reduced habitually or from emotion so they are virtually unrecognisable but convention and context allows us to decode

24
Q

How does reduced form affect content and function words?

A

Johnson 04: analysed large sample of interviews, found 6% content and 4.5 % content words so make up big proportion of speech

25
Q

Dalby 86 reduced form-

A

syllable deletion rates are high proportion, (supported in Dutch- schupper 11)
Amongst friends males had a deletion rate of 19%

26
Q

Gender/age differences in reduced form?

A

men more than women, young more than old and areas/accent/dialect affects it

27
Q

is reduced form categorical or gradient?

A

gradient so systematic in placing of phoneme in word/phrase not determined by category of phoneme

28
Q

what are the conditions of understanding reduced form?

A

NATIVE/SAME DIALECT and CONTEXT = must be BOTH and context must be more than just phonological (ernestus 02)

29
Q

what are ‘phonetic implementation rules’?

A

mechanism to implement phoneme reduction rules– convert full representations while listening/speaking

30
Q

what are ‘pure exemplar’ models? (Goldinger 98)

A

all exemplars are stored, reduced and full so can access both and could potentially also house info on cntext

31
Q

what are ‘hybrid models’

A

full and reduced stored in lexicon but activated by abstract representations and exemplars

Speech Science (8 decks)

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