connected discourse

Question 1

what does ‘concatenated’ mean?

Answer 1

artificial speech with pure phonemes, not co-articulated. Sounds like robo-voice- in real life phonetic boundaries aren’t fixed and acoustic reliasations are different

Question 2

What factors affect phonetics in connected discourse

Answer 2

speech rate, speaking style, prosody, characteristics and emotion

Question 3

what is coarticulation?

Answer 3

gestures for adjacent segments overlap in time– prepare articulation for next phoneme so effects neighbouring sounds- speech is fast; can occur over a number of segments

Question 4

articulatory, acoustic and perceptual effects

Answer 4

can be modelled by articulation, features are carried through adjacent phonemes, coarticulation is expected so sounds strange without despite being potentially unintelligible.

Question 5

what is speech rate?

Answer 5

number of output units (eg syllables or phonemes) produced per unit of time (Eg minute)

Question 6

what is articulation rate?

Answer 6

number of output units (eg syllables or phonemes) produced per unit of time (Eg minute) EXCLUDING PAUSES (possible to train)

Question 7

how does speech rate affect articulation?

Answer 7

1) reduced duration of phonemes
2) articulators undershoot or overshoot (miss target)
3) effect on pause (frequency and duration)

Question 8

what is within-speaker plasticity?

Answer 8

ability to adapt speaking style to audience or situation (dependent on this)

Question 9

Describe Lindblom’s hyper-hyper theory of speech production (1990)

Answer 9

hypO articulation is casual and friendly, hypER articulation is very clear and intonated

Question 10

Macdonald 13

Answer 10

Production-Distribution-Comprehension (PDC) model– argued that speech is always as simple as possible and independent of needs of audience

Question 11

Burnham 02; Uther 07; said…

Answer 11

adapt speech for different audiences (FDS, IDS, PDS)

Question 12

FDS and IDS are characterised by..

Answer 12

lowered speech rate, enhanced segmental constraints: LINGUISTIC DIDACTIC

Question 13

IDS AND PDS are characterised by…

Answer 13

heightened pitch and wide range of voice qualities: AFFECTIVE-EMOTIONAL

Question 14

PDS is also characterised by…

Answer 14

pitch intensity/ volume: ATTENTIONAL

Question 15

What is the Lucid Project?

Answer 15

Hazan and Baker 11: communicative intent to overcome barriers– diapix task; talk over headphones and overcome babble and vocoded speech:
significant change for babble conditions (median pith and range and energy), no change for speech rate and vowel enhancement

Question 16

Name 3 dysfluencies in speech production

Answer 16

reduction, dysfluencies, pauses

Question 17

reduction

Answer 17

centralise vowels, reduced vowel space, miss out sounds

Question 18

dysfluencies

Answer 18

reeats, restarts, fillers, editing expressions

Question 19

pauses

Answer 19

empty or filled pauses (Bartfield, 01)

Question 20

how many dysfluencies do speakers average?

Answer 20

Schriberg 2001: 6 per 100 words

Question 21

what are suprasegmental features in sentence prosody?

Answer 21

differences in acoustics which change perception and meaning (eg pitch, loudness, rhythm)

Question 22

How can pitch change meaning

Answer 22

rising or falling intonation (Eg to form a question) and signal paralinguistic info such as emotion, health and speaking style ( can see in spectrogram)

Question 23

what does ‘reduced form’ mean?

Answer 23

when words or phrases are blurred or reduced habitually or from emotion so they are virtually unrecognisable but convention and context allows us to decode

Question 24

How does reduced form affect content and function words?

Answer 24

Johnson 04: analysed large sample of interviews, found 6% content and 4.5 % content words so make up big proportion of speech

Question 25

Dalby 86 reduced form-

Answer 25

syllable deletion rates are high proportion, (supported in Dutch- schupper 11)
Amongst friends males had a deletion rate of 19%

Question 26

Gender/age differences in reduced form?

Answer 26

men more than women, young more than old and areas/accent/dialect affects it

Question 27

is reduced form categorical or gradient?

Answer 27

gradient so systematic in placing of phoneme in word/phrase not determined by category of phoneme

Question 28

what are the conditions of understanding reduced form?

Answer 28

NATIVE/SAME DIALECT and CONTEXT = must be BOTH and context must be more than just phonological (ernestus 02)

Question 29

what are ‘phonetic implementation rules’?

Answer 29

mechanism to implement phoneme reduction rules– convert full representations while listening/speaking

Question 30

what are ‘pure exemplar’ models? (Goldinger 98)

Answer 30

all exemplars are stored, reduced and full so can access both and could potentially also house info on cntext

Question 31

what are ‘hybrid models’

Answer 31

full and reduced stored in lexicon but activated by abstract representations and exemplars