Congestive Heart Failure

Question 1

systolic dysfunction

Answer 1

heart contracts less forcefully and cannot pump out as much of the blood that is returned to it. As a result, more blood remains in the ventricles.

Question 2

diastolic dysfunction

Answer 2

heart is stiff and does not relax normally after contracting. the stiff heart does not allow as much blood to enter its chambers from the veins. As in systolic dysfunction, the blood returning to the heart then accumulates in the veins

Question 3

congestive heart failure

Answer 3

blood backs up because of the diminishing cardiac output, pressure in the heart chambers and vessels distal to the “failing” pumping chamber edema will occur.
the kidneys may respond by retaining fluid and salt.

Question 4

key risk factors for heart disease

Answer 4

High blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, and smoking

Question 5

concentric hypertrophy

Answer 5

pressure overload

Question 6

eccentric hypertrophy

Answer 6

volume overload

Question 7

Right Heart Failure Physical examination

Answer 7

pitting peripheral edema, ascites, and hepatomegaly. Jugular venous pressure is frequently assessed as a marker of fluid status, which can be accentuated by eliciting hepatojugular reflux

Question 8

Left-sided failure

Answer 8

Common respiratory signs are tachypnea and increased work of breathing (respiratory distress). Rales or crackles, heard initially in the lung bases, and when severe, throughout the lung fields suggest the development of pulmonary edema (fluid in the alveoli). Cyanosis in late stages

Question 9

PHYSICAL EXAM

Answer 9

Vital signs  BP HR RR Temp
 Pallor-anemia
Cyanosis
Jaundice
Clubbing
Peripheral edema
Jugular venous pressure
Cardiac impulse, 3rd or 4th heart sounds