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Cardiopulmonary > Congenital Heart Disease and Pericardial Effusion > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease and Pericardial Effusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

The ductus arteriosus that shunts blood from main pulmonary artery to descending aorta remains patent and causes chronic overcirculation of left heart (left to right shunting)

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2
Q

T/F: Males are more likely than females to get PDA?

A

False; females more likely

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3
Q

T/F: Small breeds are more likely to have PDA than large breeds?

A

True

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4
Q

On physical exam, where and when is the PDA murmur heard?

A

Left basilar, continuous

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5
Q

What is found on radiographs that is characteristic of PDA?

A

Ductal bump

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6
Q

In dogs with PDA, time to death is typically related to ___

A

Size of the shunt

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7
Q

What are three treatments for PDA?

A

Surgical ligation
Coil embolization
Canine ductal occluder

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8
Q

What is pulmonic stenosis and how does it occur?

A

Varying degrees of valve thickening, leaflet fusion, and hypoplasia of the valve annulus
Overproduction of valve elements or failure to convert embryonic valve primordia

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9
Q

On physical exam, where and when is a pulmonic stenosis murmur heard?

A

Left basilar, systolic

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10
Q

What are some signs one might see on a physical exam of a dog with pulmonic stenosis? (2)

A

Jugular pulsation

Ascites

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11
Q

What three things are found on an ECG of a pulmonic stenosis dog?

A

S waves leads I, II, III, aVF
MEA shifted to right
RV enlargement pattern

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12
Q

What are two treatments for pulmonic stenosis?

A

Balloon valvuloplasty

Medical management

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13
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation of large breed dogs?

A

Subaortic stenosis

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14
Q

What is subaortic stenosis?

A

Fixed ridge or ring of tissue in the LVOT, just below the aortic valve

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15
Q

What are three sequelae of subaortic stenosis?

A

Increased ventricular systolic pressure
Concentric hypertrophy
Often endocarditis

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16
Q

T/F: Subaortic stenosis is most likely inherited via autosomal recessive mode of transmission

A

False; autosomal dominant

17
Q

Where and when is a subaortic stenosis murmur located?

A

Left basilar, systolic

18
Q

What are the pulses like in subaortic stenosis?

A

Weak, parvus et tardus (to and fro)

19
Q

How can one identify subaortic stenosis on and ECG? (2)

A

Tall R waves (LV enlargement)

Raised/depressed ST segments

20
Q

What are three treatment options for subaortic stenosis?

A

Balloon valvuloplasty
Medical management
Exercise restriction

21
Q

Pulmonic stenosis is more commonly seen in ___ (large/small) breeds, while subaortic stenosis is more commonly seen in ___ (large/small) breeds

A

Small

Large

22
Q

What are the four components in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Right ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

What are three consequences of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Shunting of unoxygenated blood into systemic circulation
Cyanosis
Polycythemia

24
Q

What are the three types of septal defects?

A

Atrial septal defects
Ventricular septal defects
Atrioventricular septal defects

25
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?

A

R - L shunting

26
Q

What is seen on an ECG when tricuspid valve dysplasia is present?

A

Splintered QRS waves

27
Q

What are three options for treatment of valvular defects?

A

Surgery - typically not available
Beta blockers for LVOT
CHF management if present

28
Q

What are the major causes of pericardial effusion in dogs and cats?

A 
Dogs -
Idiopathic
Neoplasia
Fungal
FB
Coagulopathy
LA rupture
Uremia

Cats -
CHF
Neoplasia
FIP

29
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Cardiac compression arising from intrapericardial pressure

30
Q

How do clinical signs of cardiac tamponade develop?

A

Pressure causes reduced filling and hypotension

Eventually compensation for low CO leads to R CHF or biventricular CHF

31
Q

How is pericardial disease diagnosed?

A 
Thoracic rads - globoid heart, dorsal deviation of the trachea
CBC, chem
Fungal titers
Coag panel
Troponin I
32
Q

How is pericardial disease staged?

A

Acute
Surgical
Medical

33
Q

How is pericardial disease managed in dogs? Cats?

A

Acute - pericardiocentesis, fluid therapy
Surgical - Pericardiectomy
Medical - Chemo, radiation, steroids (nothing definitive)

34
Q

What is pulsus paradoxicus?

A

Variation in cardiac filling over time

35
Q

What is a chemodectoma?

A

A heart base mass

Cardiopulmonary (12 decks)

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