Congenital Heart Defects Flashcards
What disorder is described as left to right shunting of blood through a hole in the atrial septum due to higher pressure in the left side of the heart?
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
What are some clinical manifestations of ASD?
- -congestive HF
- -Mitral valve regurgitation
What condition is described as left to right shunting of blood due to a hole in the ventricular septum resulting in increased pulmonary blood flow?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
What are some clinical manifestations of VSD?
- -systolic murmur at ERB’s point (4th ICS)
- -Increased sweating in infants during feeding
- -Fatigue (increased CO)
- -Impaired growth (increased caloric need)
- -Tachypnea (only with exercise)
When tachypnea is experienced at rest in VSD, what is the syndrome associated with this called?
Eisenmenger syndrome
If a patient experiences poor growth with VSD, what surgery can be done?
Surgical patching
What is the name of the condition where blood is shunted from the aorta to the pulmonary arteries, increasing circulation in the pulmonary system?
Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
PDA is most often seen in…
premature infants
Patients with PDA are at risk for….
- -Respiratory infections
- -pneumonia
- -infective endocarditis
what are some clinical manifestations of PDA?
- -Dyspnea, Tachypnea, Tachycardia
- -bounding pulse, wide pulse pressure
- -HF
- -hepatomegaly
- -Machinery murmur “thrill”
What medication should be given to a patient with PDA?
IV Indomethacin
Where can a holosystolic murmur be heard in a patient with a cushion defect?
Left lower sternal border
What are the disorders that increase pulmonary blood flow?
- -ASD
- -VSD
- -PDA
- -Cushion defect
What are the disorders that decrease pulmonary blood flow?
- -TOF
- -Pulmonary/Tricuspid atresia
What condition is described as elevated pressure in right side of heart leading to right to left shunting of blood?
Tetralogy of Fallot
What 4 defects does TOF consist of?
- -Pulmonary stenosis
- -Right ventricular hypertrophy
- -VSD
- -Overriding aorta
Why does right ventricular hypertrophy occur in patient with TOF?
heart is overworked, walls thicken, get stiff, then eventually fail.
What are some clinical manifestations of TOF?
- -“blue baby”
- -clubbing of fingers
- -squatting
- -Palpable thrill over pulmonic area
- -knee to chest position
What are some treatments/therapies a patient with TOF can have?
- -Calm child
- -O2
- -IV morphine/propranolol
In TOF, what position does the aorta sit?
Low over VSD (aorta overrides septal defect)
What disorder is described as the narrowing/constriction of the descending aorta?
Coarctation of the aorta
What is the genetic condition Coarctation often seen in a patient?
Turner’s syndrome
what are some clinical manifestations of Coarctation of the aorta?
- -difference in femoral and carotid pulse
- -harsh murmur (over pts. back)
- -swelling hands/feet/legs
- -Dyspnea, cough, swelling hands and feet
What disorder is the progressive narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow to the systemic circulatory system?
Aortic stenosis
What are some clinical manifestations of Aortic stenosis?
- -narrow pulse pressure (normal BP)
- -weak peripheral pulses
What are some clinical manifestation seen in serious cases of aortic stenosis?
- -syncope and dizziness
- -HF
What disorder is described as a life threatening condition at birth when the pulmonary artery and aorta are transposed (wrong place)?
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
What are some clinical manifestations of TGA?
- -Cyanosis (soon after birth)
- -CHF (immediately, days/weeks after birth)
- -Polycythemia
- -loud S2 sound
- -Infants take long to feed
- -growth failure
What does the heart look like on an xray in a patient with TGA?
An egg
What is a severe condition where the left side of the heart does not form correctly during fetal growth causing underdeveloped heart structures?
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
What surgical procedure is done in the first week in a patients with HLHS?
Norwood procedure
What is the second procedure done with HLHS at 3-8 months of age?
Glenn procedure
what is the third procedure done with HLHS between 18-36 months of age?
Fontan procedure
What should not be given to a patient with HLHS?
Supplemental oxygen
