Congenital Diseases

Question 1

How the Nervous System Develops From The First Few Days of Gestation?

Answer 1

1. Neuroectodermal cells form the neural plate
2. Neural Groove forms
3. Groove closes to form Neural Tube

Question 2

Primary Divisions of Neural Tube

Answer 2

1. Forms the central nervous system
2. Prosencephalon (forebrain)- Secondary divisions are telencephalon and diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
4. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)–secondary divisions are metencephalon and myelencephalon
5. myelon

Question 3

Enlarged head due to brain filled with water. What condition is this?

Answer 3

Hydranencephaly

Question 4

Enlarged Head due to an abnormal increase of CSF.

Answer 4

Hydrocephalus

Question 5

The general term of the enlarged head.

Answer 5

Macrocephaly

Question 6

Secondary to cerebral disease and forms a small head. What condition is this associated?

Answer 6

Microcephaly

Question 7

Failure of neural tube to close. What condition is this associated?

Answer 7

Rachischisis

Question 8

Premature Closure of Cranial Sutures

Answer 8

Craniostenoses

Question 9

Head is wide and short.

Answer 9

Brachycephalic- coronal suture

Question 10

Head is long and thin.

Answer 10

Scaphocephalic- sagittal suture

Question 11

Tower Skull

Answer 11

Oxycephalic- 2 sutures combined

Question 12

What diagnostic tool should help to diagnose craniostenoses?

Answer 12

X-ray

Question 13

1. No scalp, skull, cortex, only white matter
2. Telencephalon did not develop
3. Pt donotsurvive more than 24 hrs

Answer 13

Anencephaly

Question 14

1. Gyri are absent
2. Telencephalon did not develop

Answer 14

Lissencephaly

Question 15

1. One cerebral hemisphere only
2. Prosencephaly didn’t divide into two

Answer 15

Holoprosencephaly

Question 16

1. Tubular Dilatation of the Spinal Cord
2. May originate as expansion of central canal
3. Weakness &sensory loss of upper ex
4. Spastic Paraparesis is a late manifestation

Answer 16

Syringomyelia

Question 17

Disorders of fusion of the dorsal midline structures of neural tube

Answer 17

Rachishisis (Dysraphism)

Question 18

Types of Dysraphism

Answer 18

1. Spina Bifida Occulta & Cystica
2. Meningoencephalocele
3. Arnold Chiari Malformation
4. DandyWalker Syndrome

Question 19

1. Incomplete closure of spinal vertebrae lamina
2. No cyst, meninges stay inside spinal canal
3. Adimple w/atuft of hair
4. Detected radiologically

Answer 19

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 20

Meninges come out and CSF form a cyst

Answer 20

Spina Bifida Cystica

Question 21

Only CSF in the cyst

Answer 21

Meningocele

Question 22

Includes spinal cord & roots

Answer 22

Myelomeningocele

Question 23

Frontal & Occipital affectation and CSF affected

Answer 23

Cranial Meningocele

Question 24

Frontal & Occipital affectation with CSF & Brain Tissue Affectation

Answer 24

Cranial Encephalocele

Question 25

`1. Downwarddisplacement of cerebellar tonsils, vermis, & medulla 2. Located in cerebellopontine and cervical spinal cord area

Answer 25

Arnold Chiari Malformation

Question 26

Cerebello-Medullary malformation alone of Arnold Chiari Malformation

Answer 26

Type 1

Question 27

Cerebello-Medullary malformation & spinal meningomyelocele of Arnold Chiari Malformation

Answer 27

Type 2

Question 28

Cerebello-Medullary malformation & occipital encephalocele of Arnold Chiari Malformation

Answer 28

Type 3

Question 29

Cerebellar Hypoplasia (Dandy-Walker) of Arnold Chiari Malformation

Answer 29

Type 4

Question 30

The 4th ventricle cyst & cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. Failure of development of midline cerebellum.

Answer 30

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

Question 31

Signs & Symptoms (Chiari Malformation)

Answer 31

1. Signs of progressive hydrocephalus 2. Cerebellar Ataxia

Question 32

Cyst at the Sylvian fissure, temporal area. Mostly asymptomatic but may present with focal signs

Answer 32

Arachnoid Cysts