congenital abnoralities Flashcards
oxygen is delivered to the foetus via the ?
umbilical vein
blood is diverted away from the liver and straight to the IVC via the ?
ductus venosus
two communications that help divert blood away from the lungs?
foramen oval between the atria
ductus arteriosus connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery
following first breath, what happens to the resistance in pulmonary vessels?
falls, encouraging blood to flow into right atrium
when do the left and right circulations become fully separated?
ductus venosus and ductus arterioles close
what is a cyanotic defect?
shifting of blood from right to left, directing blood away from the lungs
why do you get increased pulmonary pressure in acyanotic?
oxygenated blood moves into right heart and pumped to the lungs
what does ventricular septal defect sound like?
pann systolic murmur
tetralogy of fallot - what are the 4 things?
Over riding aorta.
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect.
Right ventricular hypertrophy.
Boot shaped cardiomegaly
narrowing of the aorta, causing radio femoral delay. associated with turners syndrome?
coarctation of the aorta
continuous machine gun fire?
patent ductus arteriosus
medical management of patent ductus arterioles ?
indamothacin (prostaglandins involved in natural closure process)
what can diagphramatic hernia cause poor development of?
lungs
how can it be corrected?
surgery
umbilical hernia, due to defect in?
trasversalis fascia
why does an indirect inguinal hernia require surgery
likely to strangulate
what is Exomphalos
herniation of viscera covered in perioneum. Commonly associated with other chromosomal or congential abnormalities
what is gastrochisis?
extrusion of abdominal viscera
what is oesophageal atresia assocaited with?
polyhydramnios
Lack of colonic ganglion and autonomic innervation, meaning that it cannot function
hirschprungs
what kind of secretions do you get in Oesophageal atresia +/- trachea oesophageal fistula
frothy secretions, drooling and difficulty passing catheter into the stomach
ambiguous genitalia ?
congential adrenal hyperplasia
tuft of hair in the sacral dimple
spina bifida
what is cleft palate due to?
failure of fusion of the maxilla
what is meconium ileus?
obstruction of the bowel due to abnormally thick meconium
what is meconium ileum commonly assocaited with?
cystic fibrosis
yellow, frothy vomit with failure to pass meconium within 48 hours. doughy abdomen
y
management of meconium ileus?
washout enema and NG tube
what is jejunal atresia?
jejunum does not form into a tube but into two blind ended sacks
presents with?
vomiting and failure to pass meconium
what would be seen on AXR?
few bowel loops with distended proximal small bowel
what can an inguinal hernia cause?
bowel obstruction due to external compression
