Conflict And Tension Flashcards
How many soldiers died in the First World War?
Eight million
How many houses and factories were destroyed in the First World War?
300,000 houses and 6,000 factories
Who was the prime minister of France?
George’s Clemenceau
Who was the prime minister of Italy?
Vittorio Orlando
Who was the president of the USA?
Woodrow Wilson
Who was the prime minister of Great Britain?
David Lloyd George
What did George Clemenceau believe Germany should do?
- return Alsace - Lorraine to France
- pay reparations to cover rebuilding the damage
- France should take possession of the Rhineland
What did Vittorio Orlando want from the ToV?
- expected France and Britain to keep thier promise
- he wanted his fair share of the spoils for changing sides during the war
What did Woodrow Wilson want to happen in the ToV?
- he had arrived with his 14 points the most important being:
- the people of Europe should decide their own future ‘self determination’ and an end to the empires
- League of Nations should be set up
What did David Lloyd George want from the Tov?
- for Germany not to be treated too harshly
- Germany should be allowed to recover
- the rhineland should only be demilitarised - France should not take it
When was the ToV signed?
28th June 1919
What did the Germans call the ToV?
Diktat
What article was the war guilt clause?
231
What article was reparations?
Article 232
What did Germany owe in reparations?
6.6 billion
How many men could Germany have in the navy?
15000
What was forbidden under the ToV?
Anschluss
How many battleships could the German navy have?
6
What were Germany not allowed under the ToV?
Tanks
Submarines
Air force
How long was the Saar given to the LoN?
15 years
What was the German army limited to?
100,000 men
What was Germany split in two by?
Polish corridor
Was Germany allowed conscription?
No
What was Clemenceau unhappy abut with the ToV?
Too little reparations
Germany shouldn’t have an army
The Rhineland not being completely taken away
What was Lloyd George unhappy about with the ToV?
The harsh reparations meant Britain would lose trade with Germany
The threat of possible future war
What was Wilson unhappy about with the ToV?
The fourteen points being ignored
The harshness
How did poeple in Britain react to the ToV?
Generally thought it was fair, and could of even been harsher
Lloyd George was hailed as a hero
How did poeple in France respond to the ToV?
Many people were furious and thought it should be much harsher
People thought Clemenceau had not done enough and voted him out at the next election
A few terms, like gaining control of the Saar for 15 years, they liked
How did Americans respond to the ToV?
Many thought the treaty was too harsh, they only joined in 1917 and no fighting took place on their soil
USA followed a policy of isolationism
The senate refused to approve the treaty or to join the LoN
How much German land was lost to the treaty and how many people?
13% land
6 million people
What were the people who signed the armistice called in Germany?
November criminals
What was treaty was for Austria?
Treaty of St German
Land taken, military restrictions and forbidden to unite with Germany
What treaty was for Bulgaria?
Treaty of Neuilly
Lost land, reparations, military restrictions
What treaty was for Hungary?
Treaty of Trianon
Lost land, military restrictions
What was the treaty for turkey?
Treaty of severs
Military restrictions
What was the Treaty of Lausanne, when was it and what was its significance?
Britain replaced the treaty of sevres after the Turkish revolted
1923
It showed Europe that the treaties weren’t always stuck to
What was the League of Nations aims?
Get countries to collaborate to prevent warm
Encourage disarmament
Improve living and working conditions
Tackle deadly diseases
When did Germany join the LoN and why?
1926
They agreed to the Locarno treaty
When did the USSR join the LoN?
1934
What countries were permanent members of the council?
Britain
France
Italy
Japan
How did the covenant deal with aggression?
Mitigation
Moral condemnation
Economic sanctions
Military force
What was the assembly?
Each member state send a representative to meet once a year
Decisions had to be unanimous
What was the council?
Had 4 permanent members, plus 4 other countries which were elected every 3
Could veto rulings made by the assembly
What was the permanent court of international justice?
Gave hearings and advise parties involved in an argument
Rulings were not compulsory so were easily ignored
What was the secretariat?
In charge of administration and arranging any action that the league wanted to take
What was the special commissions?
Special groups created to tackle specific issues
What did the international labour organisation do?
Improve working conditions
P - 1920s reduced deaths on a railway from 50% -> 4%
N - most members refused to stop making children under 14 work
What did commission for refugees do and positives and negatives?
Improving refugee camps
P - helped free 427,000 of 500,000 prisoners of war
N - failed to help Jews fleeing the nazis
What did the slavery commission do?
Try to end slavery
P - set free 200,000 slaves from sierra leonne
What did the economic and financial committee do?
Improve living conditions
N - unable to cope with global depression
What were some of the LoNs failures in the 1920s?
Corfu
Upper Silesia
Vilna
Bulgaria
What were some of the LoNs success’ in the 1920s?
Upper Silesia
Aaland islands
Bulgaria
When was the Aaland islands and what happened?
1921
Sweden and Finland both claimed - gave them to Finland but forbid building forts
Both countries agreed
When was Upper Silesia and what happened?
1921-25
A plebiscite was held to see whether it was German or polish
Germany won 60% of the vote - Poland claimed it was fixed
The league split up the areas
Germany complained they lost industrial areas and Poland complained they had about half the population but only 1/3 land
But countries did agree
What happened at corfu and when was it?
1923
An Italian general was murdered there
Mussolini demands compensation and for the murderers to be executed
Greece did not know who the murderers were so couldn’t do this
Mussolini invaded corfu
The league condemned Mussolini but he undermined them
Greece had to apologise and pay compensation
Showed the large could be ignored
What happened at vilna and when was it?
1920-21
Polish army invaded Lithuania
Lithuania asked for help but the league did nothing as Poland was a strong ally against Germany
What happened in Bulgaria and when was it?
1925
Greece invaded Bulgaria when soldiers were killed
The league forced Greece to withdraw and pay compensation
This seemed hypocritical due to them allowing Mussolini to get away with it in corfu
When was the Locarno treaty?
1925
Who was in the Locarno treaty and what was it?
France and Germany
Accepted the ToV and would work together peacefully
Other countries like Britain and Italy also signed - each country wouldn’t go to war with eachother
When was the Kellog-Briand pact and what was it?
1928
65 countries including Germany France and USA agreed war would not be used to solve disputes
When was the Washington arms conference and who was involved?
Major countries like Britain, USA, japan and France
1921-22
Why were many agreements not involved with the league?
Many countries that were involved weren’t members, like Germany and the USA
When was the Manchurian crisis?
1932
What happened during the Manchurian crisis?
Japan was struggling greatly with the Great Depression - they already had railway in Manchuria
There was an explosion on the railway, they blamed china
They invaded Manchuria
China appealed to the league - japan ignored the league
Japan ignored the Lytton report, left the league and continued to invade china from 1933-37
What did the league try to do in Manchuria and why did it fail?
Japan was very far away - so was difficult to act upon
They did do moral condemnation but japan ignored
The league did not have its own army and members were reluctant to send
Economic sanctions wouldn’t work as their main trading partner (US) wasn’t in the league
They send lord Lytton to investigate but he took nearly a year to publish - concluded japan was in the wrong but japan ignored
What were the consequences of Manchurian crisis?
One of the members ignored moral condemnation
The league were powerless without their own army
When was the Abyssinian crisis?
1935
Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?
He wanted to build an empire
Natural resources - needed them during the depression
In 1896 Italy had tried to invade but had failed
Felt confident the league wouldn’t do anything
What was the stresa front and when was it?
1935
Britain and France signed an agreement with Italy to work against Hitler
What happened at the Abyssinian crisis?
Italy clashed with Abyssinia at Wal Wal
The abyssianian emperor Haile Selassie addressed the league, but they did nothing
Italian troops entered
Italy then left the league
When did Italy leave the League of Nations?
1937
Why did the league fail in Abyssinia?
Britain and France didn’t close the Suez Canal
In the trade sanctions they didn’t ban coal, steel and coal as this would damage other countries
This is what Mussolini neeeded
The league banned selling arms to Abyssinia which left them defenceless
Hoare-Laval pact - signed by Britain and France - wanted to give Mussolini land in Abyssinia
What were the main reasons for the collapse of the league?
DEPRESSION
No army
Economic sanctions failed
Lacked important world powers
Britain and France dominated the league
When was the depression?
October 1929
What did the depression lead to?
Rise in extremist parties as people wanted glory they promised
The league became powerless to prevent war
What were Hitlers aims?
Lebensraum
Overturn the treaty
Unite German speaking people (Volksdeutsche)
Destroy communism
Rearmament
What were britains and France’s reactions to hitlers policies?
They let hitler get away with it :
- they couldn’t afford to have another war
- thought the ToV was too harsh anyway (GB)
- concerned about the USSR
- 1937 appeasement
- people remembered the horrors of the first world war
How did the US respond to hitlers aims?
They followed a policy of isolationism
How did the USSR respond to hitlers aims?
They were worried about hitlers determination to destroy communism
Were willing to put aside worries of Britain and France
When did Germany leave the LoN?
1933
When was the Dollfuss Affair and what was it?
1934
Dollfuss ( the Austrian leader) banned the nazi party in Austria as result of threats of Anschluss
He was murdered
When was the Saar Plebiscite and what was it?
1935
A vote took place to decide whether France or Germany should control the area
90% voted for germany
Hitler used this as propaganda
When did hitler do rearmament?
1935 - Hitler held a rally stating he had been building it up
He was also building up the Luftwaffe
When was the Anglo-German naval agreement and what was it?
1935
Brain signed an agreement allowing Germany to have a navy 35% the size of theirs
Why did Hitler want to remilitarise the Rhineland?
He wanted to do Lebensraum, however to do this he would have to invade other countries
France and Britain would likely to declare war if he did this
So he wanted to protect his borders
When did hitlers troops enter the Rhineland?
1936
When was the France-Soviet pact signed and what was it?
1935
France and the USSR agreed to assist each other if attacked
Why did Britain and France not stop Hitler remilitarising the Rhineland?
Depression meant they had their own issues
They were occupied with the Abyssinian crisis
The British believed it was their land anyway
Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland important?
Hitler gain confidence as he knew he could break the ToV
Britain and France were rearming
French priority was now protecting thier borders
Anti-Comintern pact was signed
Hitler showed he was powerfully
What was the anti-Comintern pact and when was it?
1936
Germany and japan agreed to work together against communism
When and what was the pact of steel?
1939
Italy agreed with Germany to work against communism together, alongside japan
When was Anschluss?
1938
What happened with Anschluss?
1924 - Dollfuss was murdered
1938 - Austrian nazis planned to get ride of Schuschnigg, but police intervened
He still felt vulnerable and agreed to give key positions to the nazis in turn for hitlers support
Shuschnigg planned a plebiscite but Hitler forced him to delay, and resign
Nazi forces entered Austria as Seuss-Inquart (hitlers puppet) claimed Austria was in a state of chaos
The plebiscite was held and the nazis won 99% of the vote
How did countries react to Anschluss?
Britain - thought the ToV was too harsh
Austria - SS were heavily policing poling stations
France - 2 days before government had resigned so they couldn’t get involved
Czechoslovakia - feared they would be invaded next
When did chamberlain meet with Hitler and what did they agree on?
1938
Appeasement - Hitler could take the Sudetenland peacefully (from Czechoslovakia)
Then Hitler changed his demands stating Hungary and Poland must be given more land
Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland?
It would allow Hitler to take czechoslovakia
He wanted to do this form lebensraum and to break the ToV
About 20% of the population were German
Natural resources and factories
When was the Munich conference?
1938
What happened at the Munich conference?
Chamberlain, Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier met
They accepted hitlers demands (appeasement)
But the USSR and Czech were not consulted - Stalin thought he could not trust Britain and France
What were the reasons for appeasement?
ToV was too harsh
War should be avoided
Hitler claimed he was a man of peace
War was too expensive
Hitler could be an ally agaisnt communism
What were the reasons agaisnt appeasement?
Hitler would use violence
Opportunities to stop Hitler when he was weak was missed
Hitler grew confident
Morally wrong
When was the nazi-soviet pact?
1939
What was the nazi-soviet pact?
USSR and Germany could invade Poland and each get a bit
Why did hilter sign the nazi-soviet pact?
He could invade Poland without facing war on both fronts
Britain and France would face war without the USSR as their ally
The ussr would no longer be a threat to germany
Why did the ussr sign the nazi-soviet pact?
Stalin realised he could not rely on Britain and France if Hitler invaded
Hitler seemed to respect them
Stalin could get territory without invading
He feared Hitler would invade, but he was not ready to fight so it bought him time
It would act as a buffer zone if Hitler did invade
