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History: USA Depression/ New Deal > Conflict and Tension > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Armistice?

A

the ceasefire that ended hostilities between the Allies and Germany on the 11th of November 1918

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2
Q

When did the Armistice happen?

A

At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918

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3
Q

Why did the Armistice happen?

A

By the end of 1917, the Bolsheviks had seized power in Russia and immediately set about negotiating peace with Germany. In 1918, the infusion of American troops and resources into the western front finally tipped the scale in the Allies’ favour

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4
Q

What were president Clemenceau’s aims after WW1?

A

Weaken Germany so that it could NEVER attack France again. Get money to pay for repairing the mines, railways, factories, bridges and farmland that was destroyed in WW1.

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5
Q

How successful was Clemenceau at achieving his aims after WW1?

A

Clemenceau was satisfied with most of the Treaty’s final terms, as they fulfilled most of France’s aims

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6
Q

What were President Wilson’s aims after WW1?

A

USA wasn’t damaged by war & actually had a boom from the money it made selling weapons. They wanted peace, democracy & fair treatment for all countries.

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7
Q

How successful was President Wilson at achieving his aims after WW1?

A

Wilson’s attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles

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8
Q

What were Prime Minister Chamberlain’s aims after WW1?

A

Many British people wanted revenge for the 888,000 young men killed. However, the Prime Minister also wanted to keep trading with Germany. He also wanted Germany’s colonies so he could make money from these as part of the British Empire.

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9
Q

Why did British politicians and the public disagree with Prime Minister Chamberlain?

A

They believed that he was not punishing Germany harshly enough

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10
Q

Why were the Big 3 finally able to reach a compromise about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Countries like France were desperate for reparations payments to start rebuilding their countries again/ Fear of communist revolutions (like recently in Russia) if governments took too long to solve problems.

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11
Q

How many countries were involved in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

32

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12
Q

How long did it take to decide the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The conference lasted January – June 1919 (6 months)

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13
Q

Why did Germany call the Treaty of Versailles a Diktat?

A

Germany had no choice but to sign the treaty (they weren’t able to continue fighting)/ The Treaty was very harsh! Germany only agreed to sign parts (e.g. accepting all the blame for the war) because they had no other options.

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14
Q

What were the final terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

£6.6 billion reparations fines/ Only 100,000 men in army (no air force or tanks)/ 13% of land taken away (including all of Germany’s African colonies). The land lost included key industrial & mining areas (e.g. 26% of Germany’s Coal came from the Saar)/ Germany had to agree to take all the blame for WW1.

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15
Q

What had Germany done to Russia during WW1?

A

When Russia had left the war early in 1917, Germany (at the time was winning the war) made Russia agree to a peace treaty called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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16
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

300 million gold roubles fine (to be paid to Germany)/ 50% of their industry was taken away/ 34% of their population was taken away

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17
Q

How were Germany’s allies also punished after WW1? (e.g. Turkey)

A

Turkey was punished with the Treaty of Sevres

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18
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Sevres?

A

Army limited to 50,000 men/ Turkey lost it’s Empire (known as the Ottoman Empire).

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19
Q

What happened in Turkey as a result of the Treaty of Sevres?

A

There was a civil war

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20
Q

What did the League of Nations replace the Treaty of Sevres with after they cancelled it?

A

Treaty of Lausanne (1923) - Turkey was given back some of it’s land and allowed to re-increase the size of it’s army.

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21
Q

What were the overall strengths of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Germany was made too weak to start another war (only 100,000 men & de-militarised zones next to France who was worst damaged by WW1)/ Reparations fines (although very harsh for Germany) were only just enough to help countries like France start re-building after the damage in WW1.

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22
Q

What were the overall weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The treaty was too harsh/ had unrealistic expectations

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23
Q

Whose idea was the League of Nations?

A

USA (President Wilson) came up with the idea for the League of Nations

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24
Q

Why did America not join the League of Nations when it was set up?

A

USA didn’t join because Wilson was voted out & replaced by a president who wanted a policy of ‘Isolationism’ (not getting involved in other countries affairs) so they didn’t want to join the LON anymore (in case they got drawn into other countries expensive wars)

25
Q

Who was banned from joining the League of Nations and why?

A

Germany & Russia

26
Q

How many countries were in the League of Nations?

A

42 countries

27
Q

Did every country have a say in how the League of Nations was run?

A

The 42 countries were all part of ‘The Assembly’ (which acted like a world parliament) they met once a year and all voted on whether new countries could join/how money should be spent

28
Q

Who were the permanent members of the League of Nations?

A

Britain, France, Italy and Japan

29
Q

What were the Special Commissions in the League of Nations?

A

Special groups were set up to tackle issues the International Labour Organisation, Slavery Commission & Health Organisation

30
Q

How did the League of Nations aim to achieve its goal of preventing wars?

A

Plebiscites (votes)/ Investigations/ Moral Condemnation

31
Q

How did the LON aim to achieve its goal of improving health?

A

The Special Commission: Health Committee (later called World Health Organisation/ Started a campaign to kill mosquitoes (which caused malaria and yellow fever)/ Sent help to refugee camps in Turkey to improve living conditions/ Worked with Russia to educate the population about how to prevent Typhus outbreaks

32
Q

How did the LON aim to achieve its goal of improving the lives of workers?

A

Special Commission – International Labour/ Organisation/ 1928 – 77 countries introduced a minimum wage/ 1922 – banned the use of lead in paint (as it was poisonous)

33
Q

Which of the LON’s commissions were the most successful in the 1920s?

A

Slavery Commission – succeeded in setting 200,000 slaves free in Sierra Leone/ International Labour Organisation – 77 countries introduced a minimum wage/ Organisation for Transport – Created an international highway code so that car drivers all followed the same traffic rules when they travelled

34
Q

Which of the LON’s commissions were the least successful in the 1920s? Why?

A

Opium Board – didn’t succeed in wiping out this illegal drug trade since key members of the League (including Britain) were making lots of money from it/ Financial committee – was unable to help countries after the 1929 global depression/ Commission for refugees – unable to help Jewish people fleeing Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 (because Germany had become a member of LON and vetoed this proposal)

35
Q

How did the Great Depression (1929) help to cause the collapse of the LON?

A

Great Depression led people to feel that their ordinary political parties weren’t able to help them. They turned to more extreme political figures and parties such as Hitler and Mussolini/ Countries were more likely to have aggressive foreign policies

36
Q

How did the Manchurian Crisis help to cause the collapse of the LON?

A

Japan (a key member of the LON – a member of the Council) ignored LON & chose to leave after it was morally condemned. This showed how powerless the LON was/ The lack of consequences for Japan’s invasion of Manchuria encouraged them to invade the rest of China in 1937. This gave Italy the confidence to invade Abyssinia (& encouraged Hitler in Germany to think he could probably get away with invading other countries like Poland too)

37
Q

How did the Abyssinian crisis help to cause the collapse of the LON?

A

Hoare Laval Pact (1935) – showed the 3 remaining members of the permanent LON council also ignored aims for peace (and were willing to exploit less powerful countries)/ Hitler saw that Italy (& Japan in Manchuria) had got away with breaking the rules of the LON with no consequences. He therefore felt he could break the rules too

38
Q

How did the Great Depression cause the rise of extreme parties like the Nazis?

A

Great Depression led to high unemployment which led to people feeling their ordinary political parties weren’t doing a good job of looking after their countries/ This led to people voting for more extreme political parties (e.g. Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy & Stalin in Russia)/ These dictators all had aggressive foreign policies (they planned to invade other countries to make money for their own countries)

39
Q

What were Hitler’s aims?

A

Land (Lebensraum)/ Anschluss/ End the Treaty of Versailles

40
Q

Why did the LON find it difficult to stop Hitler achieving his aims in the 1930s?

A

Anschluss seemed democratic/ it seemed reasonable to want the 13% of their land taken by the Treaty of Versailles back/ Germany had already ended other treaties that had punished Germany’s allies at the end of WW1

41
Q

What was the Dollfuss Affair?

A

Dollfuss, who was the Austrian leader, was murdered in 1934 (by Nazis who hoped to use his assassination as justification for a Nazi takeover of Austria)

42
Q

How did the allies react to the Dollfuss Affair and why?

A

The assassination failed as a justification because Italy prevented it, threatening military action/ Hitler therefore didn’t attempt Anschluss again until after he had signed further alliances and peace agreements with Italy

43
Q

What did Hitler do to the Saar?

A

In 1935 a plebiscite (vote) was held by the LON to decide whether this confiscated land should now be returned/ 90% of the population of the Saar voted that Germany should be given their land back/ Hitler used this as an opportunity to promote the idea that all German speaking people wanted to be united together (a good excuse for later invading both Austria and the Sudetenland).

44
Q

What was the Saar?

A

The Saar was a rich industrial area which had been confiscated from Germany as part of the Treaty of Versailles.

45
Q

What was the Stresa Front?

A

An agreement between Britain, France & Italy that stated they would work together to protect Austria from German invasion & to stop Hitler breaking any more terms of the treaty of Versailles

46
Q

How did the Stresa Front help to cause WW2?

A

Hitler was not concerned by this agreement & also saw that he could use it as a further excuse to re-arm (since he was being threatened by other countries)

47
Q

When was the Stresa Front signed?

A

April 1935

48
Q

What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement?

A

Germany could rebuild it’s navy so long as it always remained only 35% the size of Britain’s navy, and that they could rebuild 45% of their submarines

49
Q

Who signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and when?

A

In 1935, Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement

50
Q

Why did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement happen?

A

Britain did this as many politicians felt the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh

51
Q

How did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement help to cause WW2?

A

This enabled Germany to become militarily stronger & ready for war. It ALSO showed that key members of LON were willing to overlook the fact the Treaty of Versailles was being broken

52
Q

When did Hitler send troops into the Rhineland?

A

1936

53
Q

Why was Chamberlain following a policy of appeasement?

A

Britain wasn’t ready for war (they only started re-arming in 1936 and felt it would take at least 4 years to be ready for another war – appeasement bought them time). Many people also felt the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh & so overturning some of the terms was reasonable

54
Q

What is Appeasement?

A

Compromising by giving someone something small that they want in exchange for them not doing the main thing they want to do

55
Q

What are two examples of Appeasement?

A

Anglo-German Naval Agreement/ Munich Agreement

56
Q

When was the Munich Agreement

A

1938

57
Q

How did Mussolini’s actions (Italy’s leader) help to cause WW2?

A

Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1936/ Italy signed the Stresa Front & Anti-Comintern agreements in 1935 with other countries

58
Q

What caused the Sudeten Crisis?

A

Czechoslovakia was a new country/ 3 million German speaking people there/ German speaking people in Sudetenland started riots/ Munich Agreement

59
Q

What were the key turning points that enabled Hitler to take over the rest of Czechoslovakia?

A

If Czechoslovakia had been supported it could have prevented takeover of the Sudetenland/ Sudetenland contained may factories that produced coal & the Skoda factory (that produced tanks), as well as most of Czechoslovakia’s fortifications. This meant the rest of the country was easily defeated in 1939, as Czechoslovakia had lost it’s key defences

History: USA Depression/ New Deal (7 decks)

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