condtions

Question 1

what s di George syndrome

CATCH

Answer 1

DiGeorge syndrome is a failure of development of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches, caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22. The major features of DiGeorge syndrome can be remembered with the mnemonic CATCH:
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymus aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypoparathyroidism

Question 2

thymus develops from what p0uches

Answer 2

The thymus develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

Question 3

what is a lymphoma

Answer 3

cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes.

Question 4

A medical alert call is put out by a nurse concerning a patient on the ward who has recently received a blood transfusion. He is complaining of shortness of breath and itchiness, and his lips are notably swollen. A transfusion reaction is suspected. The giving set is disconnected and 0.5mg 1:1000 adrenaline administered intramuscularly, which appears to improve the patient’s symptoms.

Which of the following are recognized risk factors for this form of reaction?

Adult polycystic kidney disease

HIV infection

IgA deficiency

Liver cirrhosis

Marfan syndrome

Answer 4

IgA deficiency increases the risk of anaphylactic blood transfusion reactions

Question 5

lead poisoning cheating agents currently used

Answer 5

Management - various chelating agents are currently used:
dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
D-penicillamine
EDTA
dimercaprol

Question 6

what is polycythemia

Answer 6

Polycythaemia involves abnormal excess production of red blood cells, causing the blood to become more viscous with a slower flow rate. This increases the chance for clot formation.

Question 7

serotypes of HPV what they lead to

Answer 7

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the most important risk factor for developing cervical cancer. Subtypes 16,18 & 33 are particularly carcinogenic. The other most common subtypes (6 & 11) are non-carcinogenic and associated with genital warts.

Question 8

R-chop side effects

Answer 8

The standard recommended chemotherapy regime for non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be remembered with the acronym R-CHOP: Rituximab (in certain patients), cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, Oncovin (vincristine), prednisolone.

Vincristine has the significant side effect of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, which may present as tingling sensation or numbness which begins distally. Other possible presentations include severe neuropathic pain, as well as distal weakness such as foot drop.

Rituximab is associated with a variety of adverse effects, such as cardiotoxicity and infections, although it is not commonly associated with neurological effects.

Cyclophosphamide is associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting as well as bone marrow suppression. Of note, it is known to be toxic to the bladder epithelium, and can result in haemorrhagic cystitis.

The most significant adverse effect of hydroxydaunorubicin is dilated cardiomyopathy which may lead to heart failure. This carries a high mortality rate.

Prednisolone is associated with a wide range of side effects. However, with regards to neurological side effects, it is typically associated with proximal weakness with long-term use, rather than with peripheral neuropathy.

Question 9

Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a non-vitamin K-dependent protease that inhibits coagulation by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of thrombin factors

Answer 9

2,9,10