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Child health > Conditions of the neonate > Flashcards

Conditions of the neonate Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 broad causes of a complication in the neonate?

A
  • premature

- congenital defect

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2
Q

What sign is seen on x-ray for a bowel perforation?

A
  • Rigler’s sign

- double wall sign, both sides of the bowel wall have gas

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3
Q

Obstruction in the lumen of the bowel may present with what symptom?

A
  • green liquid vomit
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4
Q

What may treat a bowel obstruction, non-surgically?

A
  • injection of contrast into rectum may unblock
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5
Q

What would a contrast x-ray of a bowel obstruction in the neonate appear as?

A
  • distended small bowel loops

- contrast only so far

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6
Q

Meconium ileus is a common cause of what surgical problem?

A
  • bowel obstruction
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7
Q

Meconium ileus may be a presenting feature of what condition?

A
  • cystic fibrosis
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8
Q

Symptoms of jejunal atresia?

A
  • distended abdomen and vomiting
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9
Q

Contrast x-ray of jejunal atresia?

A
  • no visible way for contrast to get through

- proximal distended bowel loops to blind end

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10
Q

Treatment of jejunal atresia?

A
  • surgical removal of blind ends and joining
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11
Q

Hernias in the neonate are often?

A
  • male babies
  • inguinal region
  • compression of the bowel
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12
Q

Hernia diagnosis in the neonate?

A
  • clinical

- x-ray (laddering of bowel)

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13
Q

Laddering of bowel on abdominal x-ray of the neonate may be a sign of?

A
  • inguinal hernia and bowel compression
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14
Q

Symptoms of malrotation?

A

-vomiting green

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15
Q

Vomiting green fluid in the neonate is _____ until proven otherwise?

A
  • malrotation

- surgical emergency

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16
Q

X-ray contrast signs of bowel malrotation?

A
  • appendix on wrong side (left)

- swirling of bowel

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17
Q

Dead bowel when surgically treating malrotation may result in?

A
  • ileostomy

- colostomy

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18
Q

Normal blood supply to the DJ flexure?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery
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19
Q

Neonate describes a baby up to what age?

A
  • 28 days
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20
Q

What scoring system is used to assess neonates?

A
  • Apgar score
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21
Q

What is the normal heart rate of a neonate born at term?

A
  • 120-140

- up to 160 if preterm

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22
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate of a neonate born at term?

A
  • 40-60
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23
Q

What is the normal neonate temperature?

A
  • 36.5-37.5
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24
Q

What is a good central access point in a neonate?

A
  • umbilical route
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25
Q

What is number 1 on initial management of a neonate?

A
  • temperature
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26
Q

What are signs of neonatal sepsis?

A
  • lethargy
  • poor feeding
  • tachypnoea
  • high or low temperature
  • floppiness
  • pallor
27
Q

What should be given during initial management of sick neonate before infection can be ruled out?

A
  • antibiotics
28
Q

What are common organisms in bacterial infections of the neonate?

A
  • group b strep
  • s.aureus
  • e.coli
29
Q

What is a common viral infection of the neonate?

A
  • cytomegalovirus

- herpes virus

30
Q

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn is caused by what?

A
  • fluid in lung not cleared

- caesarean delivery

31
Q

What may cause congenital heart failure?

A
  • hydrops foetalis
32
Q

Name 2 congenital heart diseases?

A
  • tetralogy of fallot

- coarctation of the aorta

33
Q

Describe Potter’s syndrome?

A
  • anhydraminos
34
Q

Risk factors for a pre-term baby

A
  • Interval of <6months between pregnancies
  • IVF
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • poor nutrition
35
Q

Management of a pre-term baby?

A
  • delay cord clamping
  • keep baby warm
  • gently lung inflmtion
  • saturations
36
Q

Why are pre-term babies at risk of hypothermia?

A
  • low BMR
  • minimal muscular activity
  • minimal subcutaneous fat
  • high surface area to body ratio
37
Q

Treatment of hypothermia?

A
  • wraps or bags
  • transformer mattress
  • sin to skin
  • pre-warmed incubator
38
Q

Organism causes of early onset sepsis?

A
  • group B strep
39
Q

Late onset sepsis organism causes?

A
  • s.aureus

- s. epidermis

40
Q

What is the primary pathology in respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • surfactant deficiency

- structural immaturity

41
Q

Symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • tachpnoea
  • intercostal recession
  • cyanosis
  • nasal flaring
42
Q

Ground glass appearance on newborn chest x-ray may indicate?

A
  • respiratory distress syndrome
43
Q

Management of respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • maternal steroid
  • surfactant
  • ventilation
44
Q

What is given for treatment in a patent ductus arteriosus?

A
  • prostaglandin synthase inhibitor

- NSAIDs

45
Q

What is the consequences of intraventricular haemorrhage?

A
  • impaired drainage and reabsorption of cerebral spinal fluid
  • head circumference increased
  • neurodvelopmental and mortality associated
46
Q

What treatment may be required in a intraventricular haemorrhage?

A
  • shunt
47
Q

Explain necrotising enterocolitis?

A
  • bacteria in the gut, translocates into blood
48
Q

What babies are at higher risk of necrotising enterocolitis?

A
  • preterm babies fed cow’s milk formula
49
Q

What are the symptoms of necrotising enterocolitis?

A
  • Distended abdomen

- distended bowel loops on x-ray

50
Q

Treatment of necrotising enterocolitis?

A
  • stop feed

- antibiotics

51
Q

When would a chorionic villus sample be taken?

A
  • 11th-14th week
52
Q

Risks associated with a chorionic villus sample?

A
  • miscarriage

- infection

53
Q

When is a termination legally allowed?

A
  • most carried out before 24 weeks
54
Q

What genetic test is used to investigate a whole genome?

A
  • cCGH
55
Q

What areas of the neonate should be examined with a stethoscope (cardio)

A
  • aortic
  • pulmonary
  • tricuspid
  • mitral
  • mid-scapular
56
Q

What is the name of the 2 hip examinations for developmental hip dysplasia?

A
  • Barlow

- Ortonali

57
Q

What classifies small for gestational age?

A
  • less than 10th percentile
58
Q

Describe asymmetrical small for gestational age?

A
  • head of normal circumference
  • body weight decreased
  • nutritional?
59
Q

Causes of a small baby

A

o Smoking
o Drugs (methadone)
o Viral infections (Rubella)

60
Q

Jaundice in a neonate <24hrs may suggest?

A
  • haemolytic process

- infection

61
Q

Prolonged jaundice is defined as?

A
  • 14days in term

- 21 days in preterm

62
Q

What scoring system is used in NAS?

A
  • Modified Finnegan Score
63
Q

When is NAS treatment recommended and what is treatment?

A

o NAS score 3 scores > 8, measured 4 hours apart

o Morphine

64
Q

Risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia?

A
  • Diabetic mum
  • Beta-blocker used in mum
  • Small for gestational age/premature (under 2nd centile)
  • Baby cold

Child health (8 decks)

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