Child development Flashcards
1
Q
Define developmental milestone?
A
- a key stage when a new skill is developed
2
Q
Define the limit age of a developmental milestone?
A
- age when a skill should be acquired by 97.5% of children
3
Q
When is 75% of children walking by?
A
- 13 months
4
Q
What is the limit age of walking?
A
- 18 months
5
Q
What are the 4 areas of development?
A
- gross motor
- fine motor and vision
- language and hearing
- social behaviour and play
6
Q
Explain the moro primitive reflex?
A
- head falls back, arms extend
- gone at 3-4 months
7
Q
Why is it important for the primitive reflexes to be lost?
A
- to allow development of the postural reflexes
- failure to remove may impact development
8
Q
When is the parachute reflex developed?
A
- 5-7months
9
Q
When is the ATNR primitive reflex lost?
A
- 6 months
10
Q
When should no head lag on pulling to sit be achieved?
A
- 3 months
11
Q
Mouths objects such be achieved?
A
- 6 months
12
Q
Circular scribble by when?
A
- 2 years
13
Q
Babbles by?
A
- 6 months
14
Q
5-20 words by?
A
- 18 months
15
Q
Social smile by?
A
- 6 weeks
16
Q
When should the fine pincer grasp be achieved?
A
- 12 months
- accidental ingestion increases after this point
17
Q
Child should know name by when?
A
- 12 months
18
Q
When might a child imitates activities
A
- 18 months
19
Q
Define developmental delay?
A
- failure to attain appropriate developmental milestones for children corrected chronological age
20
Q
What would a health visitor be assessing for at a 6-8 week visit?
A
- gross motor
21
Q
What is a global delay?
A
- 2 or more areas involved
22
Q
Name a specific delay developmental problem?
A
- duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
23
Q
Name a regression syndrome?
A
- Rett’s syndrome
- genetic
- affects girls
24
Q
What is the IQ score of a mild learning disability?
A
- 50-70
25
Red flags for development?
- Asymmetry of movement (increased/decreased tone)
- Not reaching for objects by 6 months
- Unable to sit unsupported by 12months
- Unable to walk by 18months
- No speech by 18 months
- Concerns re vision
- Loss of skill at any age (regression)
26
Prenatal causes of global developmental delay?
- genetics
- metabolic
- infection
- CNS malformation
- toxins
27
Medical screening in Down's syndrome?
- Cardiac
- Vision
- Hearing
- Thyroid function
- Sleep – related breathing disorders
- Growth
- Development
28
Distribution of affect in CP?
```
o Hemiplegic (one side affected)
o Diplegic (both sides)
o Quadriplegic (both arms and legs)
```
29
Associated conditions with CP?
```
o Mobility
o Learning difficulties
o Epilepsy
o Visual/hearing impairment /Communication difficulties
o Feeding difficulties
o Sleep problems
o Behaviour problems
```
30
Autistic triad?
- Communication
- Social interaction
- Flexibility of thought / imagination
31
What is standard deviation
- measure of variability
32
What is the Z score?
- standard deviation score
| - the number of standard deviations from the mean
33
On a growth chart how many standard deviations apart is each line?
- 2/3rd of a standard deviation
34
What are the 3 phases of growth chart?
- feeding
- growth hormone
- puberty
35
What is the average age a girl enters puberty?
- 11 years
36
What is used to measure if a boy has entered puberty?
- testicular volume
| - 4ml = puberty
37
What is used to measure if a girl has entered puberty?-
- breast development
38
Define thelarche?
- breast development
39
Define adrenarche
- body hair and odor
40
Define menarche
- period starts
41
When is precocious puberty defined in females and males?
- females = 8 years
| - males = 9 years
42
What investigations can be done into short stature?
- puberty
- IGF-1
- Thyroid
- dynamic function test
- bone age
43
Classifications of short stature?
- genetic
- constitutional growth delay
- dysmorphic syndromes
- endocrine disorders
- chronic diseases
- psychosocial deprivation
44
WHO defines an adolescent as what age group?
- 10-19yrs
45
What are the biological changes involved in adolescent?
- puberty
- growth
- CNS development
46
Psychological changes in adolescents?
- abstract thinking
- identity development
- morality
47
STEP assessment for adolescents?
- S - Sexual maturation
- T - Thinking
- E - education/employment
- P - Parents or peers
48
HEEADSSS questions stands for?
- H - Home
- E - education
- E - eating
- A - activities
- D - drugs
- S - Sex
- S - Suicidality
- S - safety
49
What week of development does the brain begin to develop?
- week 3
| - continues into early adulthood
50
What are the intrauterine environmental conditions that can affect brain development?
- maternal health
- alcohol exposure
- placental function
51
Extrauterine environmental factors for developing brain?
- nutrition and environmental toxins
- emotional and social factors
- drugs and alcohol
52
3 phases of human brain development?
- embryonic
- fetal
- post-natal
53
When is the embryonic phase of brain development defined as?
- conception to week 8
54
Ectoderm forms what
- skin
- nails
- hair
- neural tissue
55
Mesoderm forms what
- muscle
- bone
- cartilage
- vascular
56
Endoderm forms what
- gut
| - respiratory system
57
What lines the neural tube?
- neural progenitor cells
58
Explain brain vesicle formation?
- originally 3 bulges
| - then into 5 vesicles
59
EmX2 signalling molecule is at highest concentration where?
- back of brain
- cortical neurons
- Pax 6 is at front of brain
- motor neurons
60
When is the fetal period defined as?
- week 9 to term
61
What is the characteristically fetal brain?
- smooth
| - before folding
62
What aids neuronal migration?
- radial glial guides
63
Axons transmit signals from ___
- neurons
| - take information out
64
Dendrites gather information and transmit to ___
- neurons
| - take information in
65
Programmed neuronal cell death is a normal physiological feature
TRUE/FALSE
- TRUE
66
What cell is responsible for myelination?
- oligodendrocyte
67
When does synaptic pruning occur and what is it?
- adolescent
| - those areas of brain not used are removed
68
Explain anencephaly?
- failure of neural tube to close at cranial end
69
Explain holoprosencephaly?
- failure to form lobes of the brain
70
Define faltering growth
- Fall across 1 or more weight centile if birthweight below 9th centile
- Fall across 2 or more weight centiles if birthweight between 9th-91st centile
- Fall across 3 or more weight centiles if birthweight above 91st centile
- When current weight is below 2nd centile for age
