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Child health > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

Define developmental milestone?

A
  • a key stage when a new skill is developed
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2
Q

Define the limit age of a developmental milestone?

A
  • age when a skill should be acquired by 97.5% of children
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3
Q

When is 75% of children walking by?

A
  • 13 months
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4
Q

What is the limit age of walking?

A
  • 18 months
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5
Q

What are the 4 areas of development?

A
  • gross motor
  • fine motor and vision
  • language and hearing
  • social behaviour and play
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6
Q

Explain the moro primitive reflex?

A
  • head falls back, arms extend

- gone at 3-4 months

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7
Q

Why is it important for the primitive reflexes to be lost?

A
  • to allow development of the postural reflexes

- failure to remove may impact development

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8
Q

When is the parachute reflex developed?

A
  • 5-7months
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9
Q

When is the ATNR primitive reflex lost?

A
  • 6 months
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10
Q

When should no head lag on pulling to sit be achieved?

A
  • 3 months
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11
Q

Mouths objects such be achieved?

A
  • 6 months
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12
Q

Circular scribble by when?

A
  • 2 years
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13
Q

Babbles by?

A
  • 6 months
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14
Q

5-20 words by?

A
  • 18 months
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15
Q

Social smile by?

A
  • 6 weeks
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16
Q

When should the fine pincer grasp be achieved?

A
  • 12 months

- accidental ingestion increases after this point

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17
Q

Child should know name by when?

A
  • 12 months
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18
Q

When might a child imitates activities

A
  • 18 months
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19
Q

Define developmental delay?

A
  • failure to attain appropriate developmental milestones for children corrected chronological age
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20
Q

What would a health visitor be assessing for at a 6-8 week visit?

A
  • gross motor
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21
Q

What is a global delay?

A
  • 2 or more areas involved
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22
Q

Name a specific delay developmental problem?

A
  • duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
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23
Q

Name a regression syndrome?

A
  • Rett’s syndrome
  • genetic
  • affects girls
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24
Q

What is the IQ score of a mild learning disability?

A
  • 50-70
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25
Q

Red flags for development?

A
  • Asymmetry of movement (increased/decreased tone)
  • Not reaching for objects by 6 months
  • Unable to sit unsupported by 12months
  • Unable to walk by 18months
  • No speech by 18 months
  • Concerns re vision
  • Loss of skill at any age (regression)
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26
Q

Prenatal causes of global developmental delay?

A
  • genetics
  • metabolic
  • infection
  • CNS malformation
  • toxins
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27
Q

Medical screening in Down’s syndrome?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Thyroid function
  • Sleep – related breathing disorders
  • Growth
  • Development
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28
Q

Distribution of affect in CP?

A 
o	Hemiplegic (one side affected)
o	Diplegic (both sides)
o	Quadriplegic (both arms and legs)
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29
Q

Associated conditions with CP?

A 
o	Mobility
o	Learning difficulties
o	Epilepsy
o	Visual/hearing impairment /Communication difficulties
o	Feeding difficulties
o	Sleep problems
o	Behaviour problems
30
Q

Autistic triad?

A
  • Communication
  • Social interaction
  • Flexibility of thought / imagination
31
Q

What is standard deviation

A
  • measure of variability
32
Q

What is the Z score?

A
  • standard deviation score

- the number of standard deviations from the mean

33
Q

On a growth chart how many standard deviations apart is each line?

A
  • 2/3rd of a standard deviation
34
Q

What are the 3 phases of growth chart?

A
  • feeding
  • growth hormone
  • puberty
35
Q

What is the average age a girl enters puberty?

A
  • 11 years
36
Q

What is used to measure if a boy has entered puberty?

A
  • testicular volume

- 4ml = puberty

37
Q

What is used to measure if a girl has entered puberty?-

A
  • breast development
38
Q

Define thelarche?

A
  • breast development
39
Q

Define adrenarche

A
  • body hair and odor
40
Q

Define menarche

A
  • period starts
41
Q

When is precocious puberty defined in females and males?

A
  • females = 8 years

- males = 9 years

42
Q

What investigations can be done into short stature?

A
  • puberty
  • IGF-1
  • Thyroid
  • dynamic function test
  • bone age
43
Q

Classifications of short stature?

A
  • genetic
  • constitutional growth delay
  • dysmorphic syndromes
  • endocrine disorders
  • chronic diseases
  • psychosocial deprivation
44
Q

WHO defines an adolescent as what age group?

A
  • 10-19yrs
45
Q

What are the biological changes involved in adolescent?

A
  • puberty
  • growth
  • CNS development
46
Q

Psychological changes in adolescents?

A
  • abstract thinking
  • identity development
  • morality
47
Q

STEP assessment for adolescents?

A
  • S - Sexual maturation
  • T - Thinking
  • E - education/employment
  • P - Parents or peers
48
Q

HEEADSSS questions stands for?

A
  • H - Home
  • E - education
  • E - eating
  • A - activities
  • D - drugs
  • S - Sex
  • S - Suicidality
  • S - safety
49
Q

What week of development does the brain begin to develop?

A
  • week 3

- continues into early adulthood

50
Q

What are the intrauterine environmental conditions that can affect brain development?

A
  • maternal health
  • alcohol exposure
  • placental function
51
Q

Extrauterine environmental factors for developing brain?

A
  • nutrition and environmental toxins
  • emotional and social factors
  • drugs and alcohol
52
Q

3 phases of human brain development?

A
  • embryonic
  • fetal
  • post-natal
53
Q

When is the embryonic phase of brain development defined as?

A
  • conception to week 8
54
Q

Ectoderm forms what

A
  • skin
  • nails
  • hair
  • neural tissue
55
Q

Mesoderm forms what

A
  • muscle
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • vascular
56
Q

Endoderm forms what

A
  • gut

- respiratory system

57
Q

What lines the neural tube?

A
  • neural progenitor cells
58
Q

Explain brain vesicle formation?

A
  • originally 3 bulges

- then into 5 vesicles

59
Q

EmX2 signalling molecule is at highest concentration where?

A
  • back of brain
  • cortical neurons
  • Pax 6 is at front of brain
  • motor neurons
60
Q

When is the fetal period defined as?

A
  • week 9 to term
61
Q

What is the characteristically fetal brain?

A
  • smooth

- before folding

62
Q

What aids neuronal migration?

A
  • radial glial guides
63
Q

Axons transmit signals from ___

A
  • neurons

- take information out

64
Q

Dendrites gather information and transmit to ___

A
  • neurons

- take information in

65
Q

Programmed neuronal cell death is a normal physiological feature

TRUE/FALSE

A
  • TRUE
66
Q

What cell is responsible for myelination?

A
  • oligodendrocyte
67
Q

When does synaptic pruning occur and what is it?

A
  • adolescent

- those areas of brain not used are removed

68
Q

Explain anencephaly?

A
  • failure of neural tube to close at cranial end
69
Q

Explain holoprosencephaly?

A
  • failure to form lobes of the brain
70
Q

Define faltering growth

A
  • Fall across 1 or more weight centile if birthweight below 9th centile
  • Fall across 2 or more weight centiles if birthweight between 9th-91st centile
  • Fall across 3 or more weight centiles if birthweight above 91st centile
  • When current weight is below 2nd centile for age

Child health (8 decks)

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