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Phase 2A - Cardiovascular > Conditions - Cardiac Failure > Flashcards

Conditions - Cardiac Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac failure?

A

Cardiac output inadequate for the body requirements

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2
Q

What are the different types of cardiac failure?

A

Left sided heart failure and right sided heart failure

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3
Q

What is the clinical presentation of left sided heart failure? Give 3 symptoms and 3 signs

A

Symptoms - dyspnoea, tachypnoea, crackles in the lungs, pink frothy sputum, wheezing, cyanosis
Signs - laterally displaced apex beat, gallop rhythm and heart murmurs

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4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of left sided heart failure?

A

Blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

What is the aetiology of systolic heart failure?

A

Ischaemic heart disease, MI, cardiomyopathy, long standing hypertension

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6
Q

What is the aetiology of diastolic heart failure?

A

Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, systemic hypertension

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7
Q

What is the epidemiology of heart failure?

A

1-3/100 general population
10% of elderly
Poor prognosis (25-50% die in first 5 years of prognosis)

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8
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for heart failure?

A

ECG
CXR
BNP
Echocardiography

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9
Q

What is shown on CXR on heart failure?

A 
Bat wing alveolar oedema 
Kerley B lines
Cardiomegaly 
Dilated prominent upper lobe vessels 
Pleural effusion
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10
Q

What is shown on BNP?

A

B type natriuretic peptide - goes up in heart failure

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11
Q

What are the different types of echocardiography?

A

TOE (transoesophageal echocardiogram) and TTE (transthoracic echocardiogram)

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12
Q

Benefits of TOE (transoesophageal echocardiogram)

A 
Excellent images 
Big tube pushed down your throat 
Risk of perforation 
Risk of aspiration 
Easiest if ventilated – but don’t ventilate just for TOE
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13
Q

Benefits of TTE (transthoracic echocardiogram)

A

Safe
Non-invasive,
No discomfort,
Poor images – lower sensitivity

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14
Q

What is the treatment of heart failure?

A 
Lifestyle 
Stop smoking, eating healthily, exercise 
Chronic 
Loop and potassium diuretics for fluid overload 
ACEi 
Beta blockers 
Acute 
Oxygen monitor ECG
Diamorphine 
Furosemide 
GTN spray
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15
Q

What is the clinical presentation of right sided heart failure?

A

Raised JVP (due to jugular distension)
Peripheral oedema
Ascites
Liver enlargement

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16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of right sided heart failure?

A

Blood backs up into systemic circulation

Phase 2A - Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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