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Phase 2A - Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of cardiac myocytes?

A

Atrioventricular conduction system and general cardiac myocytes

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2
Q

Is blood flow through myocardium from aortic root diastolic or systolic?

A

Diastolic

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3
Q

What is the normal systolic ejection fraction?

A

60-65%

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4
Q

What is cardiac failure?

A

Failure to transport blood out of the heart

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5
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Severe cardiac failure

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6
Q

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

A

The stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction

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7
Q

What are the pericardial sac limitations?

A

The pericardium is relatively inelastic and non-compliant, the pericardium limits the total volume of the contained cardiac chambers and pericardial fluid

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8
Q

Which pericardial layer mediates the pericardial sac limitations the most?

A

The visceral pericardium

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9
Q

What happens when the stretch capabilities of the sarcomeres are exceeded?

A

Cardiac contraction force diminishes and which leads to hypertrophy

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10
Q

What can trigger the hypertrophic response?

A

Angiotensin II, ET-1 (endothelin 1), IGF-1, TGF-beta

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11
Q

What does the activation of Angiotensin II/ET-1/IGF-1/IGF-beta do in terms of hypertrophy?

A

They activate mitogen activated protein kinase

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12
Q

What does mitogen activated protein kinase do ?

A

Mediate intracellular signaling involved in regulating protein and cell functioning related to membrane, intra- and intercellular processes and transformation, proliferation/growth, differentiation, survival, and death

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13
Q

What does left sided cardiac failure result in?

A

Pulmonary congestion, overload of right side

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14
Q

What does right sided cardiac failure cause?

A

Venous hypertension and peripheral congestion

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15
Q

What does diastolic cardiac failure result in?

A

A stiffer heart

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16
Q

When does the foetal heart develop?

A

Week 5

17
Q

What happens in foetal heart development?

A

In week 5, from the endocardial cushions, the intraventricular and intra atrial septa develop. The muscular intraventricular septum grows upwards from the apex of the heart producing 4 chambers allowing for valve development

18
Q

What is a congenital heart disease?

A

A disease from birth that results in the misplacement of structures or arrest of progression of normal structure development

19
Q

Give 4 examples of congenital heart disease

A

VSD (ventricular septal defect), ASD (atrial septal defect), PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), Fallots, PS (pulmonary valve stenosis), coarctation, AS (aortic valve stenosis), TGA (Transposition of the great arteries), truncus arteriosus, trucuspid atresia

20
Q

What type of inheritance is shown by these congenital heart defects?

A

Multifactorial inheritance

21
Q

What genes are associated with congenital heart defects?

A 
Single genes 
   Trisomy 21
   Turners syndrome XO
   Di-george syndrome 
Homeobox genes - large group of similar genes that direct the formation of many body structures during early embryonic development
22
Q

What infections are associated with congenital heart defects?

A

Rubella

23
Q

What drugs are associated with congenital heart defects?

A 
Thalidomide - leprosy 
Alcohol
Phenytoin - epilepsy 
Amphetamines 
Lithium - depression, bi polar 
Oestogenic steroid
24
Q

What conditions are associated with congenital heart defects?

A

Diabetes

25
Q

Left to right shunt

A

Increased pulmonary perfusion to the detriment of the systemic circulation system is the result. Acyanotic

26
Q

Congenital heart conditions that have left to right shunt (acyanotic)

A

VSD - ventricular septal defect
ASD - arterial septal defect
PDA - patent ductus arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus

27
Q

Issues with left to right shunt?

A

Inefficient ,progression to Eisenmenger’s complex (right to left shunting), associated with RS cardiac failure and RS hypertrophy

Phase 2A - Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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