Conditions Flashcards
HIV/ AIDs.
Why is there such a big spike in HIV in the first stage?
Give three ways of vertical transmission of HIV.
Give some neurological manifestation caused by AIDs.
What is seroconversion?
Advantage of PCR testing?
When should testing be done?
Why does hairleukoplakia occur?
What infection occurs at CD4 count 50 or less?
Because HIV infected cell migrate to lymph nodes where the HIV virus can infect lots of other cells.
Transplacental
During delivery
Breast milk
Toxoplasmosis Primary lymphoma of the brain (EBV) Cryptococcal meningitis AIDs dementia complex CMV/ HIV - encephalitis
Time during which no antibodies will be no antibodies - presents with flu-like symptoms.
Detect earlier (within days) as oppposed to HIV AB test.
Background rate of 2/1000 or more.
Secondary to EBV
CMV retinitis
Malaria.
Why cyclical fever?
Other signs?
Why does falciparum cause worst infections?
What defines severe malaria infection?
What is recrudescence?
Why three blood films?
Tx falciparum?
Tx vivax, ovale and malariae?
Give a respiratory feature and blood feature of severe infection.
Release of TNFa and other cytokines occurs in waves related to the rupturing of redblood cells which happens in waves of reproductive cycles that are unique to each species.
Hepatosplenomegaly
Jaundice
Because creates a protein that causes RBC to not be detected by the spleen but instead allows for cytoadherence and block off blood vessels to the spleen.
More than 2% parasitaemia
Ineffective treatment - doesnt completely clear infection - high resistance
Exponential growth of the pathogen in a small amount of time
Artesunate.
Chloroquine
Primaquine (liver stage)
ARDS
Thrombocytopenia
DIC
Typhoid fever.
Incubation period?
Pattern of fever?
Give two features of the pulse.
Cutaneous feature?
Give some complications.
Tx?
Give two virulence factors.
7-14 days.
Stepwise - rising temperature over the course of each day that drops by the subsequent morning.
Bradycardia
Dicrotic pulse
Intestinal haemorrhage
Intestinal perforation
Encephalitis
Respiratory disease
Ceftriaxone and azithromycin
Fimbrae - allow for attachment to peters patches (distal ileum)
Survive gastric acid
Dengue fever.
Headache?
Rash?
Complications.
Symptoms of these complications?
How do complications often occur?
What may present similar to dengue and is carried by the same mosquito?
What is the risk with this disease?
Retro-orbital headache
Maculopapular or macular confluent over the face thorac and flexor surfaces - can spare islands of skin.
Dengue haemorrhagic fever
Dengue shock syndrome
Haematuria
Bleeding from sites of trauma
GI bleeding
Reinfection with a different serotype of dengue.
Zika
Sexual transmission allows for congenital abnormalities such as microcephaly and foetal loss.
Streptococcus pyogenes
What enzymes is responsible for losing blood cells?
Give two other virulence factors.
What causes scarlet fever? Features?
What is the most common cause of death in ARF?
What is the latest symptom to often appear?
Give the differences in the structures involved in Erysipelas and Cellulitis.
What makes something a super antigen?
Streptolysins O/S
M protein - allows for adherence and resistance to phagocytosis
Streptokinase - dissolutions of clots
DNAses
Hyaluronic acid capsule - inhibition of phagocytosis
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
Jaundice, Fever, rash and arthritis.
Myocarditis - leading to heart failure.
Syndenham chorea - due to basal ganglia AI attack
Erysipelas - lymphatics and dermis
Cellulitis - skin and subcutaneous tissue
Binds to the outside of the TCR and MHCII irrespective of the specificity of that receptor meaning it causes vast cytokine release which can lead to vascular collapse and organ failure.
What is the basic reproduction number? Increase in this means?
R0 - the average number of cases generated by one case in its infectious period in an unaffected and non-immune population.
Increase - increase in cases
Viral hepatitis B.
What are the three methods of transmission.
When is chronic infection more likely?
What antibody could you test for to see in the person is no longer infectious?
Sexual contact
Vertical transmission
Blood
When infected in infancy risk goes from 10% to 90% chances of chronic infection.
E antibody as the e-antigen is highly infectious.
Hep C.
Which is more likely to become chronic Hep C or B?
Main presentation?
What to look for in serology?
Hep C - 80% become chronic
Asymptomatic (80% of cases)
Anti-hep C antibody
EBV.
Pathogenesis?
Blood culture?
Why should people with mono avoid contact sports?
What tests?
Why does EBV predispose to cancer?
Saliva - saliva contact - epithelial cells in the pharynx affected - gets into lymphoid tissue in B cells
Atypical lymphocytosis - activated CD8+ T cells
Avoid splenic rupture
Heterophile antibody
Anti-VCA antibody
Because it enters a latent phase inside of B T and epithelial cells causing them to undergo proliferation - therefore cancer risk increases
Adenovirus.
Where does it replicate?
Two core signs?
Endothelial cells
Conjunctivitis and pharyngitis
