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Clinical And Abnormal Psychology > Conceptual Issues > Flashcards

Conceptual Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

First professor of Psychology in Australia

A

Henry Tasman Lovell

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2
Q

What defines abnormality

A

Statistical rarity - deviate from average

3D’s -
Deviance (norm violation, negatively evaluated by society)
Distress (assess oneself)
Dysfunction (maladaptive, inference with life)

Disability (impairment in a key area)

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3
Q

Mental disorder

A

Syndrome characterised by clinical significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour

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4
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of symptoms or signs based on frequent co-occurrence

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5
Q

Hippocrates- ‘4 humours’ (fluids)

A

Blood
Yellow Bile (Choler)
Black bile (Melanchloer)
Phlegm

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6
Q

Paracelsus- 3 classes of mental illnesses

A

Vesania (poisons)
Lunacy (influenced by moon phases)
Insanity (cause by hereditary)

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7
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Reduce anxiety caused by unconscious intrapsychic conflict

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8
Q

Neuroses

A

Milder forms

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9
Q

Psychoses

A

Failing of defence mechanisms causing retreat from reality

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10
Q

Founder of behaviourism

A

John B. Watson

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11
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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12
Q

Thorndike

A

Operant conditioning

Learning through consequences

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13
Q

Bandura

A

Modelling

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14
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Rational-emotive therapy
(Respond to own idiosyncratic interpretations of events)

People respond to their interpretations of events

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15
Q

ABC Model

A

A:Event = B:Beliefs or interpretations of the event = C:Emotional and behavioural responses

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16
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Change dysfunctional thinking patterns

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17
Q

Aaron Beck

A

Errors

  • selective abstraction
  • overgeneralisation
  • dichotomous thinking
  • exaggeration of the negative

Black and white thinking = cognitive distortions

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18
Q

Uniquely human issues

A

Self, hope, love, creativity, individuality

Unconditional positive regard

Conditions of worth

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19
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Person centred therapy

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20
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders

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21
Q

DSM-5

A

300+ different mental disorders
Published May 2013

Adopted a neo-kraepelinian approach

22
Q

Diagnosis

A

Consistent with medical model

Driven by clear identifiable underlying pathological processes

23
Q

Barlow’s triple vulnerability model

A

Generalised biological vulnerability

Generalised psychological vulnerability

Specific psychological vulnerability

24
Q

3 dimensions of emotion

A

Negative affectivity
Autonomic arousal
Low positive affectivity

25
Q

Widiger

A

Dyscontrolled maladaptivity

Uncontrolled behaviours

26
Q

GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

A

Inhibits nerve impulses

Implicated in anxiety

27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related disorders

28
Q

Serotonin and dopamine

A

Implicated in depression, mania and schizophrenia

29
Q

Neurotransmitter receptor sites

A

Agonist drugs - stimulate

Antagonist drugs - dampen

30
Q

Who wrote ‘Psychology as the behaviourist Views it’?

A

John B. Watson

31
Q

Robins and Gauze diagnostic validity

A

Treatment outcome studies

32
Q

Self-actualisation

A

Humanistic perspective

33
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning

Principle of reinforcement

34
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

Biological influences
Psychological influences
Social-cultural influences

35
Q

Most modern explanations of mental disorders include

A

Diathesis-stress model

Interaction between biological and psychological factors

36
Q

ECT - Elctroconvulsive therapy

A

Effective treatment for sever depression
Still used today
Developed 1930’s
Calming effect on patients

37
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Safety
Warm relationships with others
Self-actualisation
Basic biological needs

38
Q

Functional analysis of behaviour

A

Describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively

39
Q

Rosenhan

A

‘On being sane in insane places’
“Pseudo patient”

Diagnoses in mods of observers

40
Q

Epidemiology

A

Distribution of disorder

41
Q

Aetiology

A

Causation

(You can never infer causation from correlational data

42
Q

Equal environments assumption critical for ?

A

Twin studies

43
Q

Statistical significance

A

If correlation in population was zero, there is less than 5% chance of getting the correlation that you got in your sample

44
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Across behaviours and settings

45
Q

Third variable problem

A

Correlation between seemingly odd items

46
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

Inter-rater reliability 
Kappa coefficient 
= observed - expected 
     \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
       1 - expected
47
Q

Kappa Statistic

.80 - .50
__________
1 - .50

A

= .60

48
Q

CBT- cognitive behavioural treatment

A

Cognitive restructuring
Behavioural experiments
Thought diaries
Altering behaviour

49
Q

Harmful dysfunction

A

Wakefield

50
Q

Kappa

A

diving 0.5 is equivalent to multiplying by 2

51
Q

If the observed inter rater reliability was 0.5, and the expected was 0.3, what is the overall difference?

0.5 - 0.3
————
1 - 0.5

A

0.4

Clinical And Abnormal Psychology (9 decks)

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