Conceptual Issues Flashcards
First professor of Psychology in Australia
Henry Tasman Lovell
What defines abnormality
Statistical rarity - deviate from average
3D’s -
Deviance (norm violation, negatively evaluated by society)
Distress (assess oneself)
Dysfunction (maladaptive, inference with life)
Disability (impairment in a key area)
Mental disorder
Syndrome characterised by clinical significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour
Syndrome
Group of symptoms or signs based on frequent co-occurrence
Hippocrates- ‘4 humours’ (fluids)
Blood
Yellow Bile (Choler)
Black bile (Melanchloer)
Phlegm
Paracelsus- 3 classes of mental illnesses
Vesania (poisons)
Lunacy (influenced by moon phases)
Insanity (cause by hereditary)
Defence mechanisms
Reduce anxiety caused by unconscious intrapsychic conflict
Neuroses
Milder forms
Psychoses
Failing of defence mechanisms causing retreat from reality
Founder of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Pavlov
Classical conditioning
Thorndike
Operant conditioning
Learning through consequences
Bandura
Modelling
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive therapy
(Respond to own idiosyncratic interpretations of events)
People respond to their interpretations of events
ABC Model
A:Event = B:Beliefs or interpretations of the event = C:Emotional and behavioural responses
Cognitive restructuring
Change dysfunctional thinking patterns
Aaron Beck
Errors
- selective abstraction
- overgeneralisation
- dichotomous thinking
- exaggeration of the negative
Black and white thinking = cognitive distortions
Uniquely human issues
Self, hope, love, creativity, individuality
Unconditional positive regard
Conditions of worth
Carl Rogers
Person centred therapy
DSM
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders
DSM-5
300+ different mental disorders
Published May 2013
Adopted a neo-kraepelinian approach
Diagnosis
Consistent with medical model
Driven by clear identifiable underlying pathological processes
Barlow’s triple vulnerability model
Generalised biological vulnerability
Generalised psychological vulnerability
Specific psychological vulnerability
3 dimensions of emotion
Negative affectivity
Autonomic arousal
Low positive affectivity
Widiger
Dyscontrolled maladaptivity
Uncontrolled behaviours
GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Inhibits nerve impulses
Implicated in anxiety
Norepinephrine
Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related disorders
Serotonin and dopamine
Implicated in depression, mania and schizophrenia
Neurotransmitter receptor sites
Agonist drugs - stimulate
Antagonist drugs - dampen
Who wrote ‘Psychology as the behaviourist Views it’?
John B. Watson
Robins and Gauze diagnostic validity
Treatment outcome studies
Self-actualisation
Humanistic perspective
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
Principle of reinforcement
Biopsychosocial approach
Biological influences
Psychological influences
Social-cultural influences
Most modern explanations of mental disorders include
Diathesis-stress model
Interaction between biological and psychological factors
ECT - Elctroconvulsive therapy
Effective treatment for sever depression
Still used today
Developed 1930’s
Calming effect on patients
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Safety
Warm relationships with others
Self-actualisation
Basic biological needs
Functional analysis of behaviour
Describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively
Rosenhan
‘On being sane in insane places’
“Pseudo patient”
Diagnoses in mods of observers
Epidemiology
Distribution of disorder
Aetiology
Causation
(You can never infer causation from correlational data
Equal environments assumption critical for ?
Twin studies
Statistical significance
If correlation in population was zero, there is less than 5% chance of getting the correlation that you got in your sample
Multiple baseline design
Across behaviours and settings
Third variable problem
Correlation between seemingly odd items
Reliability
Consistency of measurement
Inter-rater reliability
Kappa coefficient
= observed - expected
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1 - expected
Kappa Statistic
.80 - .50
__________
1 - .50
= .60
CBT- cognitive behavioural treatment
Cognitive restructuring
Behavioural experiments
Thought diaries
Altering behaviour
Harmful dysfunction
Wakefield
Kappa
diving 0.5 is equivalent to multiplying by 2
If the observed inter rater reliability was 0.5, and the expected was 0.3, what is the overall difference?
0.5 - 0.3
————
1 - 0.5
0.4
