Anxiety Disorders

Question 1

Nervous system prominently in anxiety disorders

Answer 1

Autonomic

Question 2

General neurotic syndrome

Answer 2

Cluster of emotional disorders around common genetic vulnerability

Question 3

Possible mechanisms of change

Answer 3

Counter conditioning (relaxation with exposure)
Habituation
Extinction (implies classically conditioned reaction)
Self-efficacy (positive view of self to cope)
Positive reinforcement
Modelling
Taking in new information

Question 4

Mowrer’s 2 factor theory

Answer 4

1) -classical conditioning

2) -negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Question 5

Specific phobias

Answer 5

Diagnosis- marked, consistent and persistent (6 month) to presence of specific objects or situations

7-9% lifetime prevalence , 12 months

4 subtypes
Animal, natural environment, blood injection and injury, situational

Question 6

Panic disorder

Answer 6

Plagued by recurring panic attacks
1 month persistent concern will experience a panic attack

Lifetime prevalence 3.5%

Depersonalisation
Derealisation

Question 7

Agoraphobia

Answer 7

At least 2 of the following:

• using public transport
• being in open spaces
• enclosed spaces
• in queues or crowds
• outside home alone

Lifetime prevalence 2.3%

Question 8

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 8

Embarrassment and negative evaluation by others

33% additional diagnosis of Avoidant personality disorder

Lifetime prevalence 8%

Question 9

GAD - generalised anxiety disorder

Answer 9

Diagnosis - excess anxiety about number of things
Worry must be present on most days for at least 6 months
Categorised into social or physical threats

Lifetime prevalence 5% - 6.1%

Both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

Models-information processing,!metacognitive, avoidance theory of worry, intolerance of uncertainty

Question 10

OCD - Obsessive Compulsive disorder

Answer 10

Criteria

• obsessions (recurrent & persistent thoughts
• compulsions (repetitive compelled behaviours)
• symptoms not cause by substance
• not attributable to another disorder

Onset 10.3 years
Prevalence 2-3%

BDD - body dismorphic disorder

Question 11

PTSD - Posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 11

At lease 1 month (otherwise acute stress disorder)

Extreme stress reactions after trauma- 4 clusters

• re-experience symptoms
• active avoidance
• negative alterations in cognition & mood
• arousal symptoms

12 month prevalence

Low social support greatest risk factor

Question 12

Panic attack

Answer 12

Usually peaks within 10 mins

Sudden intense episode of apprehension, terror, feelings of impending doom
Sweating, nausea, dizziness, heart palpitations, upset stomach

Depersonalisation
Derealisation
Fear of going crazy losing control or dying

Question 13

Obsessive thoughts

Answer 13

Doubting 
Contamination 
Non-sensical (shouting, undressing)
Aggressive 
Sexual 
Religious 
Accidental harm to others 
Horrific images (mutilated bodies)
Nonsensical thoughts (numbers, letters, songs)

Question 14

Types of Compulsions

Answer 14

Counting 
Checking 
Washing 
Hoarding 
Internal repetition 
Adhering to certain rules or sequences

Question 15

OCD-Related Disorders

Answer 15

Hoarding Disorder (difficultly discarding possessions)- prevalence 2-6%

BDD - prevalence 2.5%
Onset 20s
15% cosmetic surgery

Trichotillomania - Hair pulling
12 month prevalence 1-2%

Excoriation - Skin-picking
1.5% lifetime prevalence

Question 16

Acute stress disorder

Answer 16

Short term 2days-1 month