concepts & Trees

Question 1

Apomorphy

Answer 1

A derived state

Morphological difference

Question 1

Autapomorphy

Answer 1

Apomorphy for one particular group

Unique derivate state

Question 2

Chronogram

Answer 2

Branch lenght: time of substitution rates. Needs de fossil

Question 3

Hard polytomy

Answer 3

Not now the ancestral. A real polytomy. More than 2 sp. events

Question 4

Leaves (Ph. tree)

Answer 4

Taxa, terminal taxon

Question 5

Majority tree consensus

Strict consensus tree

Answer 5

A tree made of the majority of trees (with the % included)

100%

Question 6

Monophyletic group

Answer 6

One common ancestor, not shared by the other taxa

includes all the descendants of an ancestral taxon

Question 7

Newick format

Answer 7

Minimal definition of a tree

In parenthesis ((A,B), ((D,E)C)) Be careful with the ()

Question 8

Node (Ph. tree)

Answer 8

Last common ancestor

Question 9

Out groups

Optimal outgroup

Sub-optimal outgroup

Answer 9

necessary to infer a polarization (direction) to an unrooted tree

• The direct ancestor (mostly impossible)

• Closely related
• Different taxon than taxon you study
• Short branches

Question 10

Paraphyletic group & example

Answer 10

Based on pleisiomorphies

Does not include all the descendants of the group. Maybe because of an autapomorphie of a taxa

reptiles (excludes birds)

Question 11

Phylogeny

Answer 11

Evolutionary history

Common ancestry

Question 12

Phylogram

Answer 12

Branch lenght: estimation rates accumulated by time

Question 13

Plesiomorphic character

Answer 13

shared primitive state

might have changed with t.

won´t provide evidence for the group

Question 14

Polyphyletic & Example

Answer 14

A group with more than one common ancestor.

Vultures (new and old world separated)

Have been erroneously grouped

Question 15

Polytomy

Answer 15

More than 2 branches from a same node

Question 17

Sister group

Answer 17

closest relatives

Question 18

Soft polytomy

Answer 18

Know the ancestral.

Question 18

Symplesiomorphy

Answer 18

A character shared by a number of groups, but inherited from the ancestors

Question 19

Synapomorphy

Answer 19

A shared derived state

Question 20

Tree nomenclature

Answer 20

Trees

branches

polytomies

Question 22

Tree number increase?

Minimum N. Of unrooted trees?

Answer 22

• The number of trees topologies (clades) increases as the OTU (Operational taxonomic units) increases
• Unrooted trees: bn-1=(2(n-1)-3)*bn-1
• rooted: bn=(2n-3)*bn

Question 23

What is systematics

Answer 23

Organizing (classification)

Question 24

What is taxonomy

Answer 24

Naming organisms