character alingnment Flashcards

1
Q

informative macromolecules

A

DNA & proteins

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2
Q

Indirect inference of phylogeny

A

Characters that differ or are share Morphological Chromosomal Molecular Behavioral Ecological

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3
Q

Codes (states)

A

Binary, numerical, DNA and proteins

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4
Q

Homology in DNA

A

Locus Nucleotide position

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5
Q

Mutations in DNA & Kind of mutations

A
  1. Changes in DNA replications
  2. Errors by DNA polymerase
  • Insertions
  • Deletions
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6
Q

Keep in mind for Alingments

As hypothesis

A
  • Number of substitutions
  • Number of indels (insertion/deletion): gaps
  • The most likely hypothesis
  • Take the most parsimonius hypothesis
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7
Q

Errors in DNA polymerase

A
  1. Mutagenetic reagents
  2. radiation
  3. Genomin factors
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8
Q

Alignment & Problems

A

Columns in homologous positions

Sequences vary in length by insertions and deletions

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9
Q

Orthologous genes

A

The gen duplicate before speciation within the sp.

  • Homologous genes
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10
Q

Paralogous genes

A

the gene duplicate after speciation, leading to two different genes.

Non homologous genes (no good phylogeny)

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11
Q

DNA vs Proteins

A

DNA

3 t more characters

than proteins

4 ch. states

No further editing

Proteins

3 times less

20 ch. states

RNA editing

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12
Q

How the morphological character states can change?

A
  • Binary
  • Continous data
  • Ordered (Wagner)
  • unordered (Fitch Parsimony): every step has the same likelihood. Change freely
  • Irreversible: Carmin Sokal: when it goes back: infinito
  • Present to absent many times, but just once the other way: Dollo
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