Concepts & Classifications Flashcards
Theories and models in mental health
model = how theory = why
Physical/natural science theories
explain + predict phenomenon
Behaviour science theories
explain cause of mental health at levels: macro, meso, micro
Definitions of mental illness, mental health and wellbeing
evolved over time, more holistic, encapsulates complexity of mental ill health
restrictive –> holistic
‘Salutogenensis’ definition
Antonovsky 1987
rich/dynamic complexity of life
promote resilience and coping strategies rather than pathology and treatment
WHO definition of mental health
state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community
Map of elements of mental health
how different factors promote/undermine mental wellbeing
each can be considered at micro/meso/macro level
Socio-cultural dimension of mental health
fear, stigma, othering = prejudice, discrimination
view connected to worldviews, faiths, traditions
Medical Model
- Disease process
- Influence of genetic, biological and/or chemical factors
- Response to illness based on diagnosis and treatment by professionals
Influence of Emil Kraepelin
developed pre-cursor to current ICD/DSM classification
system that would uncover causes of each condition
Organic disorders
underlying physical pathology is present
Functional disorders
illness is assumed from the behaviour or ‘function’ of the individual
neurosis and psychosis
Psychosis
caused by underlying biological disturbance
eg: bipolar, schizophrenia, manic depression
Neurosis
common problems, impact day-to-day, problems of living
eg: depression, anxiety
Personality disorders
problems in functioning of aspects of the self and/or interpersonal dysfunction over an extended period
Influence of genetics
emphasis on influence of genetics but little evidence of simple genetic marker
challenged post WWI
Cause and treatment of mental health
treatments associated with an emphasis on a medical model can also be seen to reflect changing knowledge and understanding
Freud and psychoanalysis
psychological functioning and matters of the mind
context of development - reflected norms, values, model of ‘normal’ development, traditional expectations
Influence of psychology
focus on individual behaviour + experience
abnormality and deviance from the norm
behaviourist and cognitive approaches
‘Growth movement”
emerged from developmental perspective
person-centred framework - potential + opportunity
Carl Rogers
gestalt, group therapies
Sociological perspective
issues of power and oppression
Social causation
Brown & Harris - social factors contributing to depression amongst women
development: impacts of racism, sexism, other oppression
Labelling Theory
labelling may be self-fulfilling and that the behaviour will respond accordingly
behaviours interpreted depending on context of understanding
Rosenhan study
Social Constructivist (social constructionism)
challenged idea that nature of mental illness is uncontested - fixed/dominant notions examined in role of systems of power/oppression
eg: diagnosis of homosexuality as a disease
Principles of social constructivism
- knowledge constructed through human activity
2, individuals create meaning through interactions
Social realism
reconcile conflicting paradigms (social causation + constructivism)
Rogers/Pilgrim - acknowledgement of reality of mental health + contributing social factors
Post-modernism
tension between care and control
Post-modernism & Foucault
- panopticon; processes of observation that is central to hospitals, institutional care
- power can be multidirectional
Post-psychiatry
Bracken & Thomas
positivist, scientific, modernist discourse with expertise of professionals to manage/control mental illness
isolated from social/cultural context
rights of service users + define own reality
Other ways of understanding mental health based on individual experience
increase interest in spirituality/recovery
recognition of faith/religion - pos and neg
Recovery
sense of process, individual experience/journey
notions of choice and self-determination
HOPE
Spirituality
uniqueness of individuals, holistic perspective, connection with others and the world
A social model of disability
sociology + social constructionist
based on the view that; disability is imposed on top of impairment, isolated/excluded from society
