Concepts & Classifications

Question 1

Theories and models in mental health

Answer 1

model = how 
theory = why

Question 2

Physical/natural science theories

Answer 2

explain + predict phenomenon

Question 3

Behaviour science theories

Answer 3

explain cause of mental health at levels: macro, meso, micro

Question 4

Definitions of mental illness, mental health and wellbeing

Answer 4

evolved over time, more holistic, encapsulates complexity of mental ill health

restrictive –> holistic

Question 5

‘Salutogenensis’ definition

Antonovsky 1987

Answer 5

rich/dynamic complexity of life

promote resilience and coping strategies rather than pathology and treatment

Question 6

WHO definition of mental health

Answer 6

state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

Question 7

Map of elements of mental health

Answer 7

how different factors promote/undermine mental wellbeing

each can be considered at micro/meso/macro level

Question 8

Socio-cultural dimension of mental health

Answer 8

fear, stigma, othering = prejudice, discrimination

view connected to worldviews, faiths, traditions

Question 9

Medical Model

Answer 9

1. Disease process
2. Influence of genetic, biological and/or chemical factors
3. Response to illness based on diagnosis and treatment by professionals

Question 10

Influence of Emil Kraepelin

Answer 10

developed pre-cursor to current ICD/DSM classification

system that would uncover causes of each condition

Question 11

Organic disorders

Answer 11

underlying physical pathology is present

Question 12

Functional disorders

Answer 12

illness is assumed from the behaviour or ‘function’ of the individual
neurosis and psychosis

Question 13

Psychosis

Answer 13

caused by underlying biological disturbance

eg: bipolar, schizophrenia, manic depression

Question 14

Neurosis

Answer 14

common problems, impact day-to-day, problems of living

eg: depression, anxiety

Question 15

Personality disorders

Answer 15

problems in functioning of aspects of the self and/or interpersonal dysfunction over an extended period

Question 16

Influence of genetics

Answer 16

emphasis on influence of genetics but little evidence of simple genetic marker
challenged post WWI

Question 17

Cause and treatment of mental health

Answer 17

treatments associated with an emphasis on a medical model can also be seen to reflect changing knowledge and understanding

Question 18

Freud and psychoanalysis

Answer 18

psychological functioning and matters of the mind

context of development - reflected norms, values, model of ‘normal’ development, traditional expectations

Question 19

Influence of psychology

Answer 19

focus on individual behaviour + experience
abnormality and deviance from the norm
behaviourist and cognitive approaches

Question 20

‘Growth movement”

Answer 20

emerged from developmental perspective
person-centred framework - potential + opportunity
Carl Rogers
gestalt, group therapies

Question 21

Sociological perspective

Answer 21

issues of power and oppression

Question 22

Social causation

Answer 22

Brown & Harris - social factors contributing to depression amongst women
development: impacts of racism, sexism, other oppression

Question 23

Labelling Theory

Answer 23

labelling may be self-fulfilling and that the behaviour will respond accordingly
behaviours interpreted depending on context of understanding
Rosenhan study

Question 24

Social Constructivist (social constructionism)

Answer 24

challenged idea that nature of mental illness is uncontested - fixed/dominant notions examined in role of systems of power/oppression

eg: diagnosis of homosexuality as a disease

Question 25

Principles of social constructivism

Answer 25

1. knowledge constructed through human activity

2, individuals create meaning through interactions

Question 26

Social realism

Answer 26

reconcile conflicting paradigms (social causation + constructivism)
Rogers/Pilgrim - acknowledgement of reality of mental health + contributing social factors

Question 27

Post-modernism

Answer 27

tension between care and control

Question 28

Post-modernism & Foucault

Answer 28

1. panopticon; processes of observation that is central to hospitals, institutional care
2. power can be multidirectional

Question 29

Post-psychiatry

Answer 29

Bracken & Thomas
positivist, scientific, modernist discourse with expertise of professionals to manage/control mental illness
isolated from social/cultural context
rights of service users + define own reality

Question 30

Other ways of understanding mental health based on individual experience

Answer 30

increase interest in spirituality/recovery

recognition of faith/religion - pos and neg

Question 31

Recovery

Answer 31

sense of process, individual experience/journey
notions of choice and self-determination
HOPE

Question 32

Spirituality

Answer 32

uniqueness of individuals, holistic perspective, connection with others and the world

Question 33

A social model of disability

Answer 33

sociology + social constructionist

based on the view that; disability is imposed on top of impairment, isolated/excluded from society