Conceptions of Social Realities

Question 1

The research’s values about what is real and what an individual believes to be a fact

Answer 1

Ontology

Question 2

The world should be examined outside the researcher’s influence

Answer 2

Realist

Question 3

The world depends on how the individuals see and experience it

Answer 3

Relativist

Question 4

The perspective we place on how we come to know the world, the truth, or the reality

Answer 4

Epistemology

Question 5

The process and methods of inquiring about the reality

Answer 5

Methodology

Question 6

There is an objective reality independent of the subject or an individual

Answer 6

Objectivism

Question 7

Does not involve values, biases, and emotions

Answer 7

Objectivism

Question 8

There are multiple realities based on subjective interpretations of each individual and group

Answer 8

Subjectivism

Question 9

Using our guts, emotions, and instincts to guide us in examining facts and making rational thought and decisions

Answer 9

Intuition

Question 10

Involves accepting new ideas because some authority figures mention that these ideas are actual

Answer 10

Authority

Question 11

Involves using logic and reasoning to acquire knowledge and information, logical rules are followed to arrive at a consclusion

Answer 11

Rationalism

Question 12

Suggests that knowledge can be acquired through observation and experience

Answer 12

Empiricism

Question 13

A process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions

Answer 13

Scientific Method

Question 14

The circumstance, or state-of-being, in which workers hold views that are contrary to workers’ objective class interests; this subjective consciousness does not arise organically from among workers, but is imposed or foisted upon them by the dominant ideology of the capitalist class

Answer 14

False Consciousness

Question 15

Social mechanisms create distortions in the consciousness of the masses through the control of mass communication, education, religion and other institutions

Answer 15

False Consciousness

Question 16

Gramsci’s extension of Marxist conceptualization of ideology

Answer 16

Hegemony

Question 17

The bourgeoise maintained their dominance not through force or coercion, but through willing, spontaneous consent of the ruled

Answer 17

Hegemony

Question 18

The masses are socialized into accepting the bourgeoise ideologies as common sense or the standard worldview mainly through educational system, leading to the working class maintaining the status quo and granting legitimacy to the socioeconomic order that perpetuates their oppression

Answer 18

Class Consciousness

Question 19

To uncover the real sources of oppression, and generate a unified revolt and a collective will, the working class must develop organic consciousness or counter hegemony first

Answer 19

Organic Consciousness

Question 20

According to __________, power is something that acts and manifests itself in different ways

Answer 20

Michel Foucault

Question 21

A model of surveillance where a small group of people in power constantly observes the majority

Answer 21

The Panopticon

Question 22

Refers to the exercise of power by actors or groups

Answer 22

Personal Agency

Question 23

The lack of ability to exercise power

Answer 23

Powerlessness

Question 24

Includes political power observable through formal rules, structures, institutions, and procedures of decision making, ex. passing a bill to law

Answer 24

Visible Power

Question 25

Exercised when powerful people in institutions maintain their influence by setting and manipulating the agendas and concerns of less powerful groups, ex. banning NGOs from asking questions and providing technical info in deliberations

Answer 25

Hidden Power

Question 26

Operates in ways people will adopt belief systems that are created by those with power, ex. political authorities imposing their belief that children have criminal responsibility

Answer 26

Invisble Power

Question 27

Power is seen outside of her private life

Answer 27

Public Realm

Question 28

Power is observed and exercised within her private life, ex. family, friends, relationships

Answer 28

Private Realm

Question 29

Power is observed as an internal aspect of the individual

Answer 29

Intimate Realm

Question 30

A dislocation or dysfunction in the social system which is regarded by the society as requiring intervention by its designated agents (Kallen, Miller, & Daniels)

Answer 30

Social Problem

Question 31

An alleged situation incompatible with the values of a significant number of people who agree that actions are needed to alter the situation (Rubington & Weinberg)

Answer 31

Social Problem

Question 32

According to Bradshaw’s 4 classification of needs, this need is based on specific standards defined by experts and professionals, ex. nutritional health standards, human rights, social development goals

Answer 32

Normative Needs

Question 33

According to Bradshaw’s 4 classification of needs, this need is equated to the perceived needs of people in a community and society, it is often unexpressed unless asked by service providers

Answer 33

Felt Needs

Question 34

Expressed demands, these are felt needs turned into action

Answer 34

Expressed Needs