Concept definitions

Question 1

The origin and the development of an organism

Answer 1

Ontogeny / ontogenesis / morphogenesis

Question 2

Ontogeny / ontogenesis / morphogenesis

Answer 2

The origin and the development of an organism

Question 5

Durkheims definisjon av religion:

Answer 5

En religion er et samlet system av trosforestillinger og praksiser som:

1. er forbundet til hellige ting, dvs. ting som er tatt ut av det vanlige liv og omkranset av forbud (tabuer) og
2. forener alle de som følger dem i ett moralsk felleskap som kalles en kirke

Question 20

Geertz definition of religion

Answer 20

1. a system of symbols…
2. which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men..
3. by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence…
4. and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality…
5. that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic

Question 21

Geertz’ definition of culture

Answer 21

1. an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols
2. a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms
3. by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop
4. their knowledge about and their attitudes toward life

(Geertz 1973d:89)

Question 37

Tyler’s definition of culture

Answer 37

Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense…

…is that complex whole…

…which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits…

…acquired by man…

…as a member of society.

(Tyler 1871)

Question 38

Fundamental attribution error / psychodynamic fallacy

What is it that according to Skjørshammer (2002:14) has been labelled “the fundamental attribution error” or “the psychodynamic fallacy”?

Answer 38

The tendency to explain the emmergence of a conflict by reference to the opponent’s personality traits, and not to characteristics of the situation.

Since Mischel (1968) claimed that situational factors are more important than personality factors in explaining organizational behviour, this tendency has been labelled the fundamental attribution error or the psychodynamic fallacy.» (Skjørshammer 2002:14)

Question 39

According to Skjørshammer (2002:14), what two labels have been given to tendency to explain the emmergence of a conflict by reference to the opponent’s personality traits, and not to characteristics of the situation.

Answer 39

• the fundamental attribution error
• the psychodynamic fallacy

Question 40

How is clientelism defined at oxforddictionaries.com?

Answer 40

a social order which depend on relations of patronage

Question 41

Elements of clientelism definitions

According to Allen Hicken (2011), what elements of clientelist relationships are highlighted by most definitions of clientelism?

Answer 41

• dyadic relationship
• contingency (or reciprocity)
• hierarchy
• iteration
• volition? (stongly debated)

Question 42

Lande’s definition of clientelism

How did Carl H. Lande (1977) define clientelism?

Answer 42

A relationship…:

“…in which an individual of higher socio-economic status (patron) uses his own influence and resources…

…to provide protection or benefits, or both,…

…for a person of lower status (client) who, …

…for his part, reciprocates by offering generous support and assistance…

…including personal service, to the patron.”

Question 43

What is this?

Answer 43

Hicken’s algorithm for determining whether a relationship i clientelist or not (Hicken 2011:296)

Question 44

How do Barnard and Spencer define practice?

Answer 44

What people do, as opposed to what they say.

Question 45

Definitions of religion

What kind of ‘thing’ is religion, in the definitions proposed by:

1. Durkheim
2. Geertz

Answer 45

1. et samlet system av trosforestillinger og praksiser
2. et symbolsystem (system of symbols)

Question 46

Definitions of culture

What kind of ‘thing’ is culture, in the definitions proposed by:

1. Tyler
2. Geertz

Answer 46

1. a complex whole
2. a pattern of meanings / system of conceptions

Question 47

The generative model

How does Barth define the concept of generative models?

Answer 47

A model that…

“seeks to identify a set of factors…

…that, through specified operations,

…will produce a determined output” (2007:8)

Question 48

What are the constiutents of the ‘complex whole’ of Tyler’s definition of culture?

Answer 48

1. knowledge
2. belief
3. art
4. morals
5. law
6. any other capabilities and habits acuired by man as a member of society

Question 49

Hva var Galtons problem?

Answer 49

Galton’s problem er:

“… the problem of external dependencies in making statistical estimates when the elements sampled are not statistically independent.”

Problemet er knyttet til å trekke slutninger basert på krysskulturelle data pga. et fenomen som nå kalles ‘autokorrelasjon’ i statistikk.

Eksempel:

Du får ikke statistisk sett uavhengige svar dersom du spør to personer i samme husholdning om de ser på TV.