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Nursing 112 > Concept 10, Cellular Regulation > Flashcards

Concept 10, Cellular Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

cells

A

smallest form of life

they are functional and structural units of all living things

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2
Q

cellular regulation

A

all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, including responses to extracellular signsal (e.g. hormones, cytokinines, and neurotransmitters) and mechanisms by which intracellular signals are produced

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3
Q

proliferation

A

the production of new cells through cell growth and cell division

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4
Q

differentiation

A

the acquisition of specific cell function, a normal process by which a less specialize cell become more specialize

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5
Q

neoplasia

A

an abnormal and progressive tumor

an abnormal tissue growth that is uncontrolled and progressive

can be categorized as either benign or malignant (cancerous)

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6
Q

basic cell functions

A

creating fuel for the body, manufacturing a complex array of proteins, transporting materials, and diposing of waste

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7
Q

cellular division and reproduction

A

processess that are strictly controlled in normal cells but corrupted in malignant cells

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8
Q

Where in the body has rapid poliferation

A

bone marrow
epithelium of that lines the gastrointestinal tract

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9
Q

What has slow proliferation

A

muscles
cartilage
bones

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10
Q

cell cycle phases (4 cyces)

A

G1 (gap 1)
S (sythesis)
G2 (gap 2)
first three is known as interphases
M (mitosis)

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11
Q

interphases

A

chromosomes are copied and cell double in sizes

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12
Q

m phase

A

cell division occurs, leading to formation of two identical cells

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13
Q

surveillance checkpoints

A

exist at the junctions of each phase to ensure the damaged DNA is not passed on to daughter cells

abnormal cells may be corrected or, if that is not possible, removal through cell death pathways

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14
Q

neoplastic tumors

A

the duration of the cell cycle is equal to or longer than the normal cells

committed to cell cycle and are active cell division is much higher than in normal tissue

results in net increase in cell number and the formation of a tumor

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15
Q

differentiation features of cells

A

dramatically changes cell’s size, shape (morphology), and its responsiveness to extracellular signals

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16
Q

morphology

A

the science of structure and form without regards to function

each cell has a specific morphology and at least one specific funciton

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17
Q

cell signaling

A

complex communication pathways within the cell (intracellular signaling) and among cells (extracellular signaling).

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18
Q

intracellular signaling

A

operates through multistep redundant pathways often initiated by extracellular signal from nearby or distant cells

many factors can lead to dysregulated cellular signing, including genetic mutation and aberrant protein expression or functions

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19
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

a host of surveillance mechanisms are present to recognize and repair error

if it cannot be repaired, the cell can be destroyed

error recognition helps ensure accurate relication of daughter cells

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20
Q

benign neoplastic cells

A

tends to retain most of the morphologic and functional characteristics of the normal cells from which they were derived but represent groups of abnormal cells with excessive growth

capable of replications and mitosis, but they are not capable of metasis (spread to location outside of their site origin)

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21
Q

benign neoplastic tissues

A

endometriosis
nevi
hypertrophic scars

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22
Q

symptoms of benign tumors

A

obstruct or mechanically press on body structures

pain

physiological dysfunction

death

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23
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

characterized by cells that have abnormal growth patterns, multiple abnormal functions, and the ability to metastasize to local or distant sites

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24
Q

eight hallmarks of cancer

A

acquisition of these eight individual capabilities depend on multistep succession of mutation, eventually resulting in progression expansion of subclones, one or more of which will evolve into a tumor of increasing growth dominance

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25
cancer cell treatment
modern cancer therapy has been the development of antineoplastic agents that taret normal "helper cells" rather than the cancer cells themselves cancer cells are resistant to single agent treatments, new agents have been developed for use in combination to target each of these TEN common capabilities of cancer cells and the associated enabling characteristics
26
sustaining proliferative growth signaling
targeted agent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDK inhibitors)
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Evading growth suppressors
tareting agent Epidermal growth factor inhibitors
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resisting cell death
targeting agent programmed death receptor blocking antibodies
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avoiding immune destruction
targeting agent immune activators of cytotoxic T cells
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enabling replicative immortality
inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth fathors (VEGF) signaling
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activating invasion and metastases
inhibitors of hepatocyte growth factors (HGF)/c-Met
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deregulating cellular energetics
aerobic glycolysis inhibitor
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genone instability and mutation
poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor
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tumor promoting inflammation
selectirve antiinflammatory drugs
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what does cancerous tumor required for growth
oxygen and nutrition allows for rapid growth
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what does tumor release
factors that encourage tumor neovascularization process know as tumor agiogenesis, facilitates further growth and invasion when neovascularization is not possible or halted, cancer cells are able to reprogram their energy metabolism process to allow for sustained and rapid growth under anaerobic conditions
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what does tumor cells do
increase in size and metastasize, it acts like a parasite, robbing normal body tissues of nutrients and oxygen and destroying thei invaded tissues.
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results of tumors (symptoms)
fatigue weight loss pain organ failure death
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psychosocial consequence associated with cancer diganosis
fear stress anxiety
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what does parent experience with cancer diagnosis compared to children
parents exhibit depression stress anxiety children exhibit fear anger guilt grief often expressed through behavior changes
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common cancer among men
prostate lung (bronchus) colon (rectum)
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common cancer among women
breast lung (bronchus) colon (rectum)
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common childhood cancer
leukemia and cancer affecting the brain or central nervous system
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non modifiable risk factors for developing invasive cancer
age (55 years or older) men is slight higher than women smoking or tobacco use; lung cancer infectious agents (bacteria and viruses , such as h. pylori; gastric cancer, hepatitis B/C; liver cancer and HPV; cervical, oropharyngeal, and anal cancer) genetic- BRCA1 (breast cancer gene 1); breast or ovarian radiation carcinogen-smoking, environmental pollutants such as air, water, soil, or food agents such as asbestos, dioxins, tetrachoroethylene, and arsenic nutrition and physical activities-poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and excessive weight -high intake of fruits and vegetables are associated with lower cancer rates
45
most common complaints
lump mass lesion onset of new symptoms-unexplained bleeding, pain, cough, or fatigue changes in appearance of a body parts signs associated with alterations in major body functions-weight, mental status, swalloing, or elimination
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examination findings
visible leasions physical asymmetry palpable masses abnormal sounds presence of blood (pelvic exam or in guaiac test for occult blood)
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diagnostic test
imaging-x-rays, CT scan, radioisotope scans, diagnostic mammography MRI- does not use radiation direct visualization-evaluated by lighted scope into lumen (colonoscopy, endoscopy, or cystoscopy) . also allow for tissue biopsy for pathologic analysis laboratory tests - CBC (anemia or changes in WBC) tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen) or cancer specific changes (philadelphia chromosome) or specific test such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes linked to breast cancer
48
pathology
the study of origin and course of disease and is the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of cells and tissues for diagnostic purpose
49
what is the only definitive way to determine if a tissue is malignant or benign
pathologic evaluation of a tissue sample provides information such as tissue type (histology), the degree of differentiation (grade), the presence or absence of certain markers ont he cell surface, and the presence or absence of genetic or molecular markers
50
cytology
the microscopic study of cells obtained either by aspiration (a fine needle biopsy) or from a smear, washing or scrapings
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surgical biopsy
removal of large amount of tissue for pathologic review
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incision biopsy
removes just part of the tumor or affected tissue
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excision biopsy
removes entire tumor or tissue for evaluation
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types of biopsy done
percutaneous -going through the skin endoscopic- through a scope surgery
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staging
determining the size of the tumor its location presence or absence os metastasis
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grading for cancer
GX grade cannot be assessed G1 well differentiated (low grade) G2 moderately differentiated (intermediate grad) G3 Poorly differentiated (high grade) G4 undifferentiated (high grade)
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grading
the measuer of the degree of differentiation of a neoplasm
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anaplasia
how different it appears from its tissue of origin well differentiated-looks more like the normal cells which it derived poorly differentiated cell-little resemblance to the original normal cells and typically represents a more advanced and aggressive cancer
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gleason score
prostate cancer
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bloom richardson grading system
breast cancer
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solid tumor factors (3)
TNM classification T, tumor size and invasiveness N, presence or absence of spread to regional lymph nodes M, presence or absence of metastasis to distant organ stages I-IV I, early stages IV, most advanced disease
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TX
tumor cannot be measured
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To
no evidence of primary tumor (tumor cannot be found
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Tis
tumor in situ, meaning malignant cells only within superficial layer of tissue; no extension into deeper tissue
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T1, T2, T3
description of primary tumor based on size and/or invasion into nearby structures; the higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or the more it has grown into nearby tissue
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NX
nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
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No
no evidence of cancer cells in regional lymph node
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N1, N2, N3
description size, location, and/or number of lymph nodes involved; the higher the N number, the more extensive the lymph node involvement
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MX
Metastases cannot be evaluated
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Mo
no evidence of metastases can be found
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M1, M2, M3
description of extent of metastasis; the higher the number, the more extensive the mestasis
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eliminating risk factors
behavior modificiation modification of environment vaccination treatment of infection
73
major risk reduction
smoking cessation avoiding excessive sun exposure participating in regular physical activity eating a balanced diet
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secondary prevention
screening (colonoscopy, mammography)
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intervention for cancer
surgery (ajuvant therapy done after surgery) radiation therapy (local treatment, used anytime) chemotherapy (treament with chemicals) hormone therapy - use of antihormone agents to treat malignancies that are responsive to hormones such as breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer targeted therapy- anticancer agents that target cancer cells while having little effect on normal cells (act on intra and extracellular targets) biologic therapy (biotherapy or immunotherapy) - modulation of the immune response for a therapeutic goal bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
76
apheresis
collecting stem cell from the blood harvested directly from multiple bone marrow biopsy samples and infused into a patient
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autologous
by harvesting from one's own stem cell
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allogeneic
stem cells comes from a matched family donor or matched unrelated donor)
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symptoms resulting from cancer
weight loss due to reduced or loss of appetite (anorexia) nausea vomiting stomatitis diarrhea physical inability to eat compromised immunity risk for infection pain fatigue elimination (diarrhea, late stage cancer) pain meds caused constipation which can cause bowel obstruction fluid and electrolyte imbalance tumor lysis syndrome-cause eleveated uric acid, phosphate and potassium dehydration, hypercalcemia, and third spacing of fluids anxiety, stress and coping, and sexuality
80
breast cancer
second leading cause of cancer death among women most common type is ductal carcinoma
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risk factors for breast cancer
gender age family history menstural and pregnancy history obesity hormone replacement therapy
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treatment for breast cancer
surgery radiation therapy hormonal therapy targeted therapy
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lung cancer
leading cause of death among men and women main type of cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma
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symptoms of lung cancer
cought (coughing up blood) weight loss SOB chest pain long term exposure to tobacco use
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benign tumore
adenoma benign prostate hypertrophy benign brain tumor fibroma lipoma maningioma papilloma rhabdomyoma
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malignant tumor
breast cancer prostate cancer lung cancer colon cancer
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sarcoma (originate from muscle/bone/connective tissues
chondrosarcoma Ewing sarcoma fibrosarcoma kaposi sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma osteosarcoma
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lymphoma (from lymph system
hodgkins lymphoma non hodgkins lymphoma leukemia (from hematopoietic system) chronic lymphatic leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia aucte lymphocytic leukemia acute myeloid leukemia (common among children)
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prostate cancer
originates in prostate, grows slowly and remains confined in prostate gland spread to bones and nearby lymph nodes spread slowly so may require minimal to no treatment most common among men risk factors include old age, family history, disease occurs in men older than 50 years
90
acute lymphatic leukemia
overproductiono and accumulation of malignant immature WBC known as blasts blast accumulate in bone marrow, they inhibit production of normal cells such red and white cells and platelets, resulting in symptoms such as fever, infection, SOB. tachycardia, bleeding, and bruising blast can leave bone marrow and infiltrate other organs most common in childred treatment in children results in it being cures but in adults treatment is not always successful first cancer in which chemotherapeutic treatment was developed
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fibroma
benign tumor mostly compose of fibrous or connective tissue that can form anywhere int he gody and the most commonly occur in adults most common are: angiofibroma, drematofibromas, ovarian fibroma, and plantar fibroma most are harmless and treatment is not required unless there are disturbing symptoms or cosmetic concerns simple surgical procedure or cryotherapy
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lipoma
benign tumor composed of adipose or body fat and is the most common benign soft tissue tumor occurs in 1 in eery 1000 npeople and usually in adults small, soft to the touch, movable and painless can occur anywhere in the body, including muscle and internal organs do not need to be treated, but can be surgically removed if there is concern on location, they are causing pain, or they are affecting physical appearance

Nursing 112 (7 decks)

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