anemia Flashcards

Question

Folic acid deficiency common causes

Answer 1

poor nutrition malabsorption and drugs

Answer 2

leafy green vegetables liver yeast citrus fruits dried beans nuts

Answer 3

Crohn's disease cause malabsorption and second most common cause

Answer 4

anticonvulsant and oral contraceptives

Answer 5

older adults may have poor diets or chewing difficulties that place them at risk for anemia that result from vitamin B12 deficiency. occur in older adults because decrease in gastric secretion and intrinsic factor symptoms are vague, the disorder can be easily overlooked

Answer 6

deficiency of circulating RBC because of impaired cellular regulation of the bone marrow, which then fails to produce these cells

Answer 7

cause by an injury to the immature precursor cell for RBC occurs with leukopenia (a reduction in WBC) Thrombocytopenia (a reduction in the numbers of circulating platelets from reduced platelet production), a condition known as pancytopenia

Answer 8

long-term exposure to toxic agents drug use ionizing radiation infection (viral)

Answer 9

hereditary form of the disease is Fanconi Anemia

Answer 10

severe anemia including fatigue weakness dizziness lightheadedness lack of energy

Answer 11

CBC shows macrocytic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia reticulocyte is impaired as there is deficiency of these immature RBCs Bone marrow biopsy may show replacement of the red, cell-forming marrow with fat infection is common

Answer 12

blood transfusion (provide temporary relief from fatigue) immunosuppressant therapy bone marrow stimulant such as filgrastim, pegfilgrastin, epoetin alfa, eltrombopag stem cell transplant is often used as a curative treatment

Answer 13

genetic disorder in which there is a deficiency of G6PD inherited as an X-linked recessive disorder, with expression mostly in men and occasionally in women affect African American men and men form Asia and the mediterranean regions.

Answer 14

stimulate reactions in glucose metabolism important for energy in RBCs because they contain no other way to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cells with reduced amount of G6PD break more easily during exposure to some drugs (sulfonamides, aspirin, quinine derivative chloramphenicol, dapsone, high dose of vitamin C and thiazide diuretics), benzene, other toxins, and certain food Fava beans are known triggers, although other types of beans are not

Answer 15

new cells have G6PD but diminishes as the cell age

Answer 16

patient usually does not have symptoms until exposed to triggering agents or until severe infection develops after exposure to precipitating cause, acute RBC breakage begins and last 7-12 days.

Answer 17

anemia and jaundice develop the hemolytic reaction is limited because only older RBCs, containing less G6PD, are destroyed.

Answer 18

acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia immuno-hemolytic anemia

Answer 19

caused by immunity problems that, for unknown reasons, allow a person to form antibodies that attack and destroy their own RBC membranes (lysis) process is then followed by accelerated production of abnormal RBCs

Answer 20

warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAHA), the most common type, occurs when immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are active at the body's temperature (98.6 F or 37 C) cold antibody anemia AKA cold agglutinin disease (CAD), occurs when immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are active below 98.6 F, with optimal function between 37 C and 39 F problem occurs with a Raynaud-like response in which the arteries in the hands and feet constrict completely in response to temperature or stress

Answer 21

aka as anemia of inflammation, can occur in people with chronic conditions that cause inflammation

Answer 22

infection such as HIV/AIDS chronic kidney diseases (CKD) inflammatory bowel disease lupus rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 23

it is thought to prevent the body from using stored iron to make enough healthy RBC, thereby causing anemia

Answer 24

aka anemia due to excessive bleeding occurs when blood loss is rapid or gradual loss of blood cells exceeds production

Answer 25

hemorrhage, when the body pulls water from tissue outside the bloodstream to maintain volume in the blood vessels action dilutes the blood and thereby reduces the hematocrit

Answer 26

increasing the oral intake of iron from food source such as red meat, organ meat, egg yolks, kidney beans, leafy green vegetables, and raisins if mild, oral iron supplements may be started until the hemoglobin levels return to normal iron supplement can be taken with meals to reduce GI distress when anemia is severe, iron solution can be given parenterally

Answer 27

ferumoxytol cause a brighter signal on the scan if taken within the last 3 months

Answer 28

teach patient to increase the intake of foods rich vitamin B12 such as animal proteins, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy products, dried beans, citrus fruits and leafy green vegetables vitamin supplements may be prescribed when anemia is severe. those who have pernicious anemia are given vitamin B12 injections weekly at first and then monthly for the rest of their lives. Oral B12 preparation and nasal spray or sublingual cobalamin preparations may be used to maintain vitamin levels after the patient's deficiency has first been corrected by the traditional injection method

Answer 29

has a black box warning for increased risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis that can occur during or within 5 minutes after a patient receives the infusion. this reaction can occur even if the patient previously tolerated a ferumoxytol infusion make sure medication to treat anaphylaxis are immediately available stay with the patient during the infusion and for 30 minutes after the infusion complete

Answer 30

by identifying adults at risk and preventing deficiency high risk adults include older adults, patient with severe alcohol misuse, malnourished patients and those with increased folic acid requirements a diet rich in foods containing folic acid and vitamin B12 prevent deficiency once diagnosed, this anemia is management with scheduled folic acid replacement therapy

Answer 31

managed differently depending on the absolute cause for transient or drug induced aplastic anemia, short-term management includes discontinuation of the responsible drug, and possible blood transfusions Best used when anemia causes debility or when bleeding is life-threatening because of low platelet counts unnecessary transfusions increase the chance for developing immune reactions to platelets and shorten the lifespan of transfused cells. if the problem is transient, this therapy is discontinued as soon as the bone marrow begins to produce RBCs If chemotherapy or radiation is identified as the causative agents, these therapies also may be stopped

Answer 32

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with donor cells cost, availability, the requirement for prolonged hospitalization, and complications limit the treatment

Answer 33

preventing occurrences, and supportive care when symptoms are present if triggering agents is identified, it should be discontinued immediately and avoided in the future.

Answer 34

hydration is important prevent debris and hemoglobin from collecting int he kidney tubules, which can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) transfusion are needed when anemia is present and kidney function is normal

Answer 35

depends on disease severity steroid therapy to suppress immunity temperorarily effective in many patients

Answer 36

Rituximab is the first line therapy for steroid refractory warm Acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAHA), and first and second line treatment for cold agglutinin disease splenectomy may be considered if steroid therapy fails

Answer 37

treated by addressing underlying condition that cause inflammation for CKD or those receiving chemo for cancer, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) such as epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa are prescribed to help the bone marrow make more red blood cells (RBCs)

Answer 38

treated by correcting the cause of bleeding treatement range from blood transfusion to iron supplementation, depending on cause of bleeding