Chapter 18 Concept of care for patients with cancer Flashcards
nuclear-to cytoplasmic ration
the nucleus is small compared to the rest of the cell
differential function
normal cells have at least one function they performed to contribute to the whole body function such as red blood cells make hemoglobin
adherence
normal cells make sticky cell adhesion molecules that help them bind closely together
migration
normal cells do not migrate (or move) throughout the body (except for blood cells). Normal cells are called nonmigratory because they are tightly bound together
growth
have orderly and well-regulated growth. cell division (mitosis) only occurs to develop normal tissue or to replace lost, damaged, or aged tissue. normal cells also have a programmed cell death (apoptosis), which demonstrates the finite life span of the cell
chromosome
normal human cells have 23 chromosomes; known as euploidy
mitotic index
the ratio of cells undergoing mitosis (division) to the total number of cells
example of benign tumor cells
moles
uterine fibroid tumors
skin tags
endometriosis
nasal polyps
carcinogenesis
the process of changing a normal cell into cancer cell.
occurs through loss of cellular regulation, leading to the steps of initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis
breast cancer metastasis
bone
lungs
liver
brain
lung cancer metastasis
brain
bone
liver
lymph nodes
adrenal galnds
colorectal cancer metastasis
liver
lymph nodes
adjacent structures
prostate cancer metastasis
bone (especially spine and legs)
pelvic nodes
melanoma metastasis
GI tract
lymph nodes
lung
brain
primary brain cancer metastasis
central nervous system
ploidy
the description of cancer cells by chromosome number and appearance
euploidy
normal diploid number of chromosomes
aneuploidy
develop structural abnormalities in the remaining chromosomes (cancer cells gain or lose chromosomes)
cancer staging
clinical staging assess of symptoms and tumor size and spread through imaging
surgical staging the assessment of tumor size, number, sites, and spread through surgical inspection
pathologic staging the most definitive staging, determining tumor size, number, sties, and lymph node spread through pathologic examination of tissue obtained surgically
additional staging system
Dukes staging system for colorn and rectal cancer
Clarks level method for skin cancer
how are tumor growth assessed
doubling time, or the time it take for tumors to double in size
mitotic index, or the percentage of actively diving tumor cells
smallest detectable tumor is 1 cm in diameter containing 1 billion cells
tumor with mitotic index of less than 10% is slower growing
a tumor with a index of 85% is faster growing
