COMPS Study guide- Embryological Dev't of Cleft P. (O1)

Question 1

Define “meiosis”

Answer 1

The process of cell division and production of a sperm and egg.

Question 2

define “gamete”

Answer 2

The germ cell; sperm or egg.

Question 3

how many pairs of chromosomes does the egg have? the sperm?

Answer 3

egg has 22 chromosomes plus an “x”

sperm has 22 chromosomes plus a “y” (23 pairs for 46 total chromosomes in every cell)

Question 4

Define “mitosis”

Answer 4

normal cell division; the replacement process that happens when cells are damaged or die off.

Question 5

What are the two processes of cell division in human reproduction?

Answer 5

1. Segmentation: cell divides & makes another cell identical to it; 3 phases-
   a) blastomere- cell’s 1st division
   b) morula- 72 hours after fertilization (3 days)
   c) blastocyst- 6 days after fertilization
2. Cell differentiation: 3 phases-
   a) Trophoblast- wrapping that covers blastocyst & becomes the placenta.
   b) Gastrulation- inner cell mass turns inside out (9-12 days); when things can go wrong.
   c) Embryonic disk- 3 tissue layers.

Question 6

what are the 3 tissue layers of the embryonic disk?

Answer 6

1. Ectoderm: outer layer (develops into skin, hair, teeth)
2. Mesoderm: middle layer (bone, cartilage, muscle, & blood vessels)
3. Endoderm: inner layer (lines the digestive tract, respiratory tract, & thoracic cavity)

Question 7

a) define “genes”

b) what are they made of?

Answer 7

the building blocks of genetics; made up of DNA

Question 8

What are chromosomes made up of?

Answer 8

genes. can be different sizes & have different features.

Question 9

What is a strand of DNA made of?

Answer 9

Neucleotide pairs. Made up of sugar and phosphate, which makes a base.

Question 10

what is the base of DNA made up of?

Answer 10

thymine, adenine, guanine, & cytosine

Question 11

define “mutation”

Answer 11

an error in reduplication that can occur during any part of the mitosis process

Question 12

what is a “spontaneous mutation”?

Answer 12

Parents are normal but the offspring is not. This is opposite of “inerrited factor” in which the parents pass a mutation to the offspring

Question 13

Name some mutations

Answer 13

Monosomy, trisomy (Trisomy 21 - down syndrome), deletion, inversion, translocatoin

Question 14

what is clefting called when it is not associated with any syndrome?

Answer 14

“isolated cleft”

Question 15

what is an autosomal dominant gene?

Answer 15

2 parents: 1 normal and 1 with a mutated gene. child will have the mutation, and it may be passed on in future generations.

Question 16

what is an autosomal recessive gene?

Answer 16

this trait will NOT show up in the offspring unless both parents carry the trait.

Question 17

what is an x-linked chromosomal syndrome?

Answer 17

mother has abnormal x chromosome; any sons will have an abnormality. (e.g., Fragile X Syndrome)

Question 18

what is a “multifactoral” mutation?

Answer 18

Medical problems associated with the affects of genes AND lifestyle and/or environmental factors (such as mother being exposed to radiation)

Question 19

Define “syndrome”

Answer 19

A condition that has a SINGLE cause (trisomy, monosomy, etc), with a multitude of UNRELATED symptoms.

Question 20

T/F: cleft palate tends to be a spontaneous genetic mutation (e.g., not inherited).

Answer 20

TRUE (isolated cleft)