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(Comprehensive Test from StudyBlue) Flashcards

from StudyBlue

1
Q

Auditory deprivation

A

The brain gradually loses some of its information processing ability.

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2
Q

neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to change and adapt

at some point the brain will stop changing

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3
Q

cross modal plasticity

A

adaptive reorganization of neurons to integrate the function of two or more sensory systems
type of neuroplasticity that often occurs after sensory deprivation due to disease or brain damage.

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4
Q

critical window for hearing

A

6 months

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5
Q

language development for children

A

birth to 2 years

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6
Q

auditory skill development for children

A

birth to 3.5 years

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7
Q

intervention before ____ months results in normal cognitive and linguistic development

A

6

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8
Q

average number of words heard by a child in the first 4 years of life

A

1 Million words

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9
Q

outer portion passes through cartilage, has sebaceous glands (forms cerumen), inner portion passes through tympanic portion of temporal bone, inner and outer portion meet at osseocartilaginous junction

A

External auditory canal

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10
Q

Father of audiology

A

1945 Raymond Carhart

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11
Q

what percentage of babies are born to normal hearing parents?

A

90-95%

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12
Q

evolution of audiology

A
  1. prior to WWII there were hearing aid dealers 2. military had hearing loss 3. needed rehabilitation centers 4. Latin root-audire (to hear) greek suffix-logos (to study)
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13
Q

External Auditory Canal Angle in children

A

angles downward more acute angle, children’s pinna pulled down and back when looking into ear

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14
Q

before age ___, ____% of children in U.S. will have at least one ear infection

A

6, 90%

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15
Q

Effects of HL on adults

A
  1. overall poor health 2. decreased physical activity 3. depression 4. progressive physical and psychosocial dysfunction
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16
Q

only ___% of individuals seek treatment for hearing loss

A

25%

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17
Q

why don’t people seek treatment?

A

Embarrassed, financial reasons

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18
Q

Degrees of HL

A

normal: 0-25 dB
mild: 26-40,
moderate: 41-55,
moderately severe: 56-70,
severe: 71-90
profound: 91+

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19
Q

what can audiologists do in their scope of practice

A
  1. evaluate and diagnose hearing loss and vestibular disorders 2. perscibe, fit, and dispense hearing aids and other amplification and hearing assistance technologies 3. members of cochlear implant teams/cleft palate, and others. 4. perform ear or hearing related surgical monitoring 5. designed and implement hearing conservation programs. 6. implement newborn hearing screening programs 7. provide hearing rehabilitation training 8. treat individuals with central auditory processing disorders 9. assess and treat tinnitus
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20
Q

Father of otology

A

1835 Adam Politzer

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21
Q

Academic Preparation for audiologist

A

4 year long program with “capstone”. Foundation of Audiological sciences are the 1st year; diagnostics and treatment after that, then externship

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22
Q

External Auditory Canal Function

A
  1. allows for protection of tympanic membrane 2. filter to reduce low frequency and as a tube resonator between 2000-7000 Hz.
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23
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A
  1. concave 2. marks border between outer and middle ear 3. area: 90mm 4. Has three layers 5. extremely thing 6. efficient vibrating surface 7. very rich in blood supply 8. malleus is embedded in fibrous portion of TM
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24
Q

Three layers of the tympanic membrane

A
  1. Cutaneous: Outer layer (skin), continuous with external canal.
  2. Fibrous: Provides most of the structure and compliance (density is greatest at center); has radial fibers and spiral (circular) fibers (looks like a web).
  3. Internal: Mucous membrane, continuous with middle ear cavity.
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25
Q

4 quadrants of tympanic membrane

A

1.anterior superior (front, back) 2.anterior inferior (front, below) 3.posterior inferior (back, below) 4.posterior superior (back, above)

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26
Q

what does the malleus do

A

contracts and pulls tympanic membrane inward to help sound travel

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27
Q

development of the outer ear 28 days after conception

A
  1. bulges appear on either sir of the tissue 2. develops pharyngeal arches 3. pinna develops from pharyngeal arches 4. pinna develops before the 2nd fetal month
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28
Q

what forms in the third fetal month

A

tympanic membrane

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29
Q

what forms in the 4th gestational week

A

external auditory canal

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30
Q

what is done developing after 20 weeks of gestation

A

full ear

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31
Q

what is the “bowl” part of the outer ear called?

A

concha

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32
Q

is the middle ear air-filled or fluid-filled

A

air-filled

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33
Q

how large is the middle ear

A

1/2 inch high 1/4 inch deep

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34
Q

what is the roof of the middle ear like?

A

thin layer of bone separating middle ear cavity from the brain

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35
Q

what is the space in the middle ear above the tympanic membrane

A

epitympanic recess

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36
Q

what is the middle ear lined with?

A

mucous membrane

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37
Q

what does the middle ear connect to?

A

nasopharynx

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38
Q

the middle ear and _____form the ________

A

the middle ear and EUSTACHIAN TUBE form the MIDDLE EAR CLEFT

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39
Q

topmost cells of the middle ear are called…

A

cilia

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40
Q

what is the eustachian tube lined with

A

ciliated epithelium

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41
Q

are eustachian tubes in adults open or close?

A

closed

42
Q

the eustachian tube enters the middle ear at ___ degree angle

A

30

43
Q

while we are awake the eustachian tube opens…

A

once per minute

44
Q

while we are asleep the eustachian tube opens every….

A

5x per minute

45
Q

the eustachian tube in infants are…

A

shorter wider more horizontal than adults

46
Q

the eustachian tube in infants remain open until about…

A

6 months

47
Q

Eustachian tube

A
  1. courses from the floor of the middle ear to the back of the throat (nasopharynx), 2. maintains a pressure equilibrium with the ambient outside pressure. 3. Allows fluid trapped in the middle ear to be drained. 4. Muscles: tensor veli palatini (TVP) and Levator veli palatini (LVP)
48
Q

mastoid

A

-not solid -honey combed -mucous membran lining -aditus and antrum - communication with middle ear cleft

49
Q

2 windows of middle ear

A

Oval - entrance to inner ear (stapes) Round- exit of inner ear (thin membrane)

50
Q

Malleus

A

Comes in contact with TM. Point of attachment is the Umbo

51
Q

incus

A

transmits vibrations to stapes

52
Q

stapes

A

sends vibration to oval window –> inner ear (fluid filled) displaced fluid will displace hair cell movement and send action potentials action potentials travel down cochlear branch

53
Q

effective vibrating area of tympanic membrane is ____

A

55mm

54
Q

tympanic membrane is ___times the oval window

A

17

55
Q

the ossicular chain is designed to take advantage of the ___

A

physical law of leverage

56
Q

the ossicular chain rock back and forth on an axis like a ___

A

pivot

57
Q

the combined effects of increase pressure and the lever action of malleus is…

A

increase pressure at oval window at 23 times.

value is equivalent to 30 dB.

58
Q

What are the muscles of the Middle ear?

A

*Tensor Tympani:pull malleus anteromedially, stiffen ossicular chain *Stapedius: : rotate stapes posteriorly, stiffen ossicular chain

59
Q

inner ear is made up of two parts

A
  1. Hearing (cochlea) 2. Balance (vestibular system, semicircular canals
60
Q

vestibule

A

entryway into inner ear beyond the oval window

61
Q

vestibule is filled with what kind of fluid

A

perilymph

62
Q

2 fluids in the inner ear?

A

perilymph - fluid outside the ducts, high [Na+], in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
endolymph - fluid inside the ducts, high [K+], in the scala media

63
Q

scala vestibuli upper chamber contains

A

perilymph

64
Q

scala media is filled with

A

endolymph

65
Q

reissner’s membrane

A

separates the scala media and scala vestibule

66
Q

basilar membrane separates the…

A

scala media and scala tympani

67
Q

scala tympani is filled with

A

perilymph

68
Q

how many times does the cochlea turn

A

2.5

69
Q

organ of corti (organ of hearing)

A

-lies on the scala media side of the basilar membrane -divided into inner and outer portions by rods of corti -contains hair cells -the inner tunnel of corti contains cortilymph

70
Q

function of the cochlea

A
  1. traveling wave in cochlear duct. 2. basilar membrane moves 3. hair cells shear 4. cilia of hair cells bend 5. chemical release, mechanical release, cochlear microphonic 6. action potential and then to auditory nerve.
71
Q

where does the organ or corti sit?

A

the basilar membrane

72
Q

physiology of cochlea

A

stapes moves, displaces perilymph, basilar membrane moves, hair cells at organ of corti are bent, cilia bend and ionic exchange occurs, release of neurotransmitters, electrical impulses via VIII nerve to brain

73
Q

how many outer hair cell rows are there?

A

3

74
Q

Define the mechanics of the Organ of Corti

A

Sound waves vibrate the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane which shear the hair cells and polarize the receptors

75
Q

otoacoustic emmissions

A

low levels generated in ear in response to sound only in normal ears. Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions

76
Q

OAE

A

became screening test for newborns
-infants that ears produce evoked emissions have normal peripheral hearing or hearing loss no worse than 30dB
-OAE will refer for even the slightest conductive component or cochlear hearing loss.
EMISSIONS COME FROM OUTER HAIR CELLS

77
Q

ABR test

A

measures everything including if sound is going to brainstem

78
Q

IE- Auditory Neuron - neuron

A

A specified cell designed as a conductor of nerve impulses

Human cochlea has about 30,000 afferent neurons and about 1, 800 efferent neurons

79
Q

fluids of cochlea

A
  1. endolymph (vestibular and scala media) high in potassium and low in sodium 2. perilymph (scala vestibuli and scala tympani) low in potassium and high in sodium
80
Q

auditory nerve

A

the 8th cranial nerve that carries the info from the inner ear to the brain about hearing and balance
1. attaches to brainstem 2. auditory and vestibular portion of VIII nerve separate.

81
Q

cochlear microphonic

A
  • basically the cochlea does the same thing that a microphone does to different forms of energy
  • stereocilia stretch causing release of K+ ions into hair cells causing change in the resting potential and release of transmitter substance (glutamate)-compare to changes in form of energy in a microphone
  • acoustic energy–> mechanical–>electrical (after strikes hairs and goes to cochlea nerve–>through 5 nuclei–> on the way up to temporal lobe
82
Q

action potential

A
  1. auditory neurons stimulated by hair cells 2. change in electrical potential occurs on the site of the neuron. 3. increases in intensity of the auditory input signal to the cochlea, increase electrical output from hair cells.
83
Q

ascending auditory pathway

A
  1. ACSLIMA (from bottom to top) 1. auditory nerve (VIIIth nerve) 2. cochlear nucleus 3. superior olivary complex 4. lateral lemniscus 5. inferior coliculus 6. medial geniculate body 7. primary auditory cortex
84
Q

superior olivary complex (SOC)

A

receive input from both ipsilateral and contralateral cochlear nuclei
where sound crosses over to the other side.

85
Q

cochlear nucleus (CN)

A

cluster of cell bodies in the brain stem where the nerve fibers leading from the cochlea enter and synapse

86
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

carries sound info from cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately to contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain

87
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

involved in hearing, integral portion of auditory pathways in CNS

Neurons conducting impulses from the structures of the inner ear to the brain all synapse in inferior colliculi

88
Q

Medial Geniculate

A

Receives and processes auditory info. Part of thalamus. Diencephalon

89
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

the main area of cortex which first processes auditory

information in the brain, situated on the inferior surface of the lateral sulcus

90
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

The location of the brain to which all auditory information is projected.

91
Q

waystations

A

perform complex processing incoming nerve impulses

92
Q

traveling wave theory

A
  1. for each inward and outward movement 2. downward and upward movement of basilar membrane 3. wave moves down cochlear duct from base to apex 4. little is known about the development of the auditory nerve and CANS
93
Q

high frequency

A

basal end of cochlea only

94
Q

low frequency

A

apical end of cochlea and all through

95
Q

how are humans capable of frequency discrimination

A

auditory nerve fibers are sharply tuned

96
Q

are spacing between nerve fibers equal?

A

no

97
Q

vestibular

A

informs brain about head movement and helps maintain balance

found in the inner ear

contains the semicircular canal, utricle, and saccule

98
Q

what is a decibel

A

1/10th of a Bel

unit of measurement of intensity used in acoustics and audio metrics

99
Q

5 important aspects of a decibel

A
  1. involves ratio 2. uses a logarithm 3. nonlinear 4. may be expressed in terms of various reference levels 5. relative unit of measure
100
Q

what are the essentials for sound to be created and heard?

A
  1. vibration 2. force 3. medium (gas, fluid, or solid) 4. hearing mechanism to receive and perceive energy of the soundwave

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