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general biology IA > comprehensive final vocab > Flashcards

comprehensive final vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism

A

homeostatsis

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2
Q

smallest unit of an element

A

atom

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3
Q

specialized part of a cell

A

organelle

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4
Q

factor that influences a process, outcome, or observation

A

variable

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5
Q

different forms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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6
Q

property of an atom’s nucleus that refers to the affinity of the nucleus for valence electrons

A

electronegativity

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7
Q

electron in the outermost energy level of an atom

A

valence electrons

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8
Q

tautness of the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

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9
Q

substances that are not soluble in water

A

hydrophobic

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10
Q

substances that are soluble in water

A

hydrophilic

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11
Q

molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties

A

functional group

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12
Q

one group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement

A

isomer

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13
Q

molecule composed of many similar or identical subunits

A

polymer

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14
Q

smallest chemical subunit of a polymer

A

monomer

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15
Q

reaction in which two molecules join to form one larger molecule, simultaneously splitting out a water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

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16
Q

reaction that breaks a bond by the addition of water

A

hydrolyosis

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17
Q

nucleotide base polymer

A

nucleic acid

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18
Q

chain of amino acids

A

protein

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19
Q

nonpolar, hydrophobic organic molecule

A

lipid

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20
Q

loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid

A

denaturation

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21
Q

molecule with a structure similar to a fat, but has only two fatty acids that are attached to a glycerol backbone

A

phospholipid

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22
Q

fat molecule which contains fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens attached to their carbons

A

unsaturated fat

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23
Q

range of organisms that can be infected by a particular virus

A

host range

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24
Q

entire DNA sequence of an organism

A

genome

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25
Q

links amino acids together through a dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

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26
Q

three nucleotide sequence at the end of a transfer RNA molecule

A

anticodon

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27
Q

basic unit of the genetic code

A

codon

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28
Q

network of protein microfilaments and microtubules

A

cytoskeleton

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29
Q

system of connected membranous compartments

A

endomembrane system

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30
Q

segment of DNA that is both transcribed and translated

A

exon

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31
Q

functions in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules

A

gogli apparatus

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32
Q

portion of mRNA that is removed

A

intron

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33
Q

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

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34
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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35
Q

houses chromosomal DNA

A

nucleus

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36
Q

molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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37
Q

relationship of the surface area of the cell to the volume it contains

A

surface-to-area-ratio

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38
Q

assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA

A

transcription

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39
Q

assembly of a protein on the ribosome

A

translation

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40
Q

small intercellular, membrane-bound sac

A

vesicle

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41
Q

shriveled up RBCs

A

hypertonic solution

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42
Q

normal RBCs

A

isotonic solution

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43
Q

RBCs swell and burst

A

hypotonic solution

44
Q

region of an enzyme surface to which a specific substrate binds

A

active site

45
Q

energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

46
Q

energy that must be processed by a molecule in order for the chemical reaction to take place

A

activation energy

47
Q

pumping of ions across a membrane against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

48
Q

membrane channel for water

A

aquaporin

49
Q

inhibitor that binds to the same active site as the substrate

A

competitive inhibitor

50
Q

difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane

A

concentration gradient

51
Q

protein capable of speeding up a specific chemical reaction

A

enzyme

52
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

53
Q

energy that is not being used, but could be

A

potential energy

54
Q

free energy must be put into the reaction for it to proceed

A

endergonic

55
Q

free energy is released in the reaction

A

exergonic

56
Q

movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy

A

passive transport

57
Q

solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

A

hypertonic

58
Q

solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell

A

hypotonic

59
Q

protein and pigment complex that traps light energy as excited electrons

A

photosystem

60
Q

primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

61
Q

organelle that carries out photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

62
Q

organelle that carries out ATP synthesis

A

mitochondrion

63
Q

loss of an electron often associated with the loss of hydrogen

A

oxidation

64
Q

gain of an electron often with an associated proton (H+)

A

reduction

65
Q

anaerobic breakdown of glucose

A

glycolysis

66
Q

synthesis of ATP [add the P (phosphate) back onto ADP] by ATP synthase using energy from a proton (H+) gradient

A

oxidative phosphorlation

67
Q

passage of electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules

A

electron transport chain

68
Q

metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation

A

cellular respiration

69
Q

enyzme-catalyzed extraction of energy from inorganic molecules

A

fermentation

70
Q

molecule that is the energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

71
Q

use electron transport to generate proton (H+) gradient for ATP synthesis using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

72
Q

molecule becomes reduced as it carries electrons to ATP-producing pathways

A

NAD+

73
Q

3 - carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

74
Q

basic unit of heredity

A

gene

75
Q

short segment of DNA produced by discontinuous replication

A

okazaki fragment

76
Q

Y-shaped end of growing replication bubble

A

replication fork

77
Q

repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation

A

cell cycle

78
Q

DNA molecule

A

chromosome

79
Q

having two sets of chromosomes (2n)

A

diploid

80
Q

haploid reproductive cell

A

gamete

81
Q

protein that binds to membrane receptor and initiate cell growth and division

A

growth factor

82
Q

having one set of chromosomes (1n)

A

haploid

83
Q

pair of the same kind of chromosome in diploid cell

A

homologous chromosomes

84
Q

protein within centromere to which mitotic spindle fibers attach during cell division

A

kinetochore

85
Q

nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

86
Q

one of two identical copies of each chromosome still linked at the centromere

A

sister chromatid

87
Q

any of the cells except for germ-line cells

A

somatic cell

88
Q

replicating DNA

A

interphase

89
Q

chromosomes condense

A

prophase

90
Q

kinetochores attach to microtubules

A

prometaphase

91
Q

chromosomes align at equator

A

metaphase

92
Q

sister chromatids separate

A

anaphase

93
Q

chromosomes at poles

A

telophase

94
Q

cytoplasm divides

A

cytokinesis

95
Q

diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes

A

zygote

96
Q

morphology of the chromosomes of an organism as viewed with a light microscope

A

karyotype

97
Q

position on a chromosome where a gene is located

A

locus

98
Q

permanent change in a cell’s DNA

A

mutation

99
Q

X or Y chromosome

A

sex chromosome

100
Q

trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome

A

sex-linked gene

101
Q

having identical alleles of the same gene

A

homozygous

102
Q

having two different alleles of the same gene

A

heterozygous

103
Q

condition in an organism whose cells have lost or gained a chromosome

A

aneuploidy

104
Q

physical appearance of function expression of a trait

A

phenotype

105
Q

mating of unlike parents

A

hybridization

106
Q

genetic makeup underlying a trait or set of traits

A

genotype

107
Q

one of two or more alternative states of a gene

A

allele

general biology IA (7 decks)

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