comprehensive final vocab Flashcards by Jess Schnoor

maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism

homeostatsis

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smallest unit of an element

atom

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specialized part of a cell

organelle

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factor that influences a process, outcome, or observation

variable

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different forms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

isotopes

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property of an atom’s nucleus that refers to the affinity of the nucleus for valence electrons

electronegativity

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electron in the outermost energy level of an atom

valence electrons

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tautness of the surface of a liquid

surface tension

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substances that are not soluble in water

hydrophobic

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substances that are soluble in water

hydrophilic

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molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties

functional group

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one group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement

isomer

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molecule composed of many similar or identical subunits

polymer

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smallest chemical subunit of a polymer

monomer

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reaction in which two molecules join to form one larger molecule, simultaneously splitting out a water molecule

dehydration reaction

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reaction that breaks a bond by the addition of water

hydrolyosis

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nucleotide base polymer

nucleic acid

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chain of amino acids

protein

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nonpolar, hydrophobic organic molecule

lipid

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loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid

denaturation

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molecule with a structure similar to a fat, but has only two fatty acids that are attached to a glycerol backbone

phospholipid

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fat molecule which contains fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens attached to their carbons

unsaturated fat

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range of organisms that can be infected by a particular virus

host range

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entire DNA sequence of an organism

genome

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links amino acids together through a dehydration reaction

peptide bond

three nucleotide sequence at the end of a transfer RNA molecule

anticodon

basic unit of the genetic code

codon

network of protein microfilaments and microtubules

cytoskeleton

system of connected membranous compartments

endomembrane system

segment of DNA that is both transcribed and translated

exon

functions in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules

gogli apparatus

portion of mRNA that is removed

intron

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

lysosomes

powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

houses chromosomal DNA

nucleus

molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis

ribosome

relationship of the surface area of the cell to the volume it contains

surface-to-area-ratio

assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA

transcription

assembly of a protein on the ribosome

translation

small intercellular, membrane-bound sac

vesicle

shriveled up RBCs

hypertonic solution

normal RBCs

isotonic solution

RBCs swell and burst

hypotonic solution

region of an enzyme surface to which a specific substrate binds

active site

energy currency of the cell

ATP

energy that must be processed by a molecule in order for the chemical reaction to take place

activation energy

pumping of ions across a membrane against the concentration gradient

active transport

membrane channel for water

aquaporin

inhibitor that binds to the same active site as the substrate

competitive inhibitor

difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane

concentration gradient

protein capable of speeding up a specific chemical reaction

enzyme

energy of motion

kinetic energy

energy that is not being used, but could be

potential energy

free energy must be put into the reaction for it to proceed

endergonic

free energy is released in the reaction

exergonic

movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy

passive transport

solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

hypertonic

solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell

hypotonic

protein and pigment complex that traps light energy as excited electrons

photosystem

primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

organelle that carries out photosynthesis

chloroplast

organelle that carries out ATP synthesis

mitochondrion

loss of an electron often associated with the loss of hydrogen

oxidation

gain of an electron often with an associated proton (H+)

reduction

anaerobic breakdown of glucose

glycolysis

synthesis of ATP [add the P (phosphate) back onto ADP] by ATP synthase using energy from a proton (H+) gradient

oxidative phosphorlation

passage of electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules

electron transport chain

metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation

cellular respiration

enyzme-catalyzed extraction of energy from inorganic molecules

fermentation

molecule that is the energy currency of the cell

ATP

use electron transport to generate proton (H+) gradient for ATP synthesis using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

anaerobic respiration

molecule becomes reduced as it carries electrons to ATP-producing pathways

NAD+

3 - carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis

pyruvate

basic unit of heredity

gene

short segment of DNA produced by discontinuous replication

okazaki fragment

Y-shaped end of growing replication bubble

replication fork

repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation

cell cycle

DNA molecule

chromosome

having two sets of chromosomes (2n)

diploid

haploid reproductive cell

gamete

protein that binds to membrane receptor and initiate cell growth and division

growth factor

having one set of chromosomes (1n)

haploid

pair of the same kind of chromosome in diploid cell

homologous chromosomes

protein within centromere to which mitotic spindle fibers attach during cell division

kinetochore

nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter cells

mitosis

one of two identical copies of each chromosome still linked at the centromere

sister chromatid

any of the cells except for germ-line cells

somatic cell

replicating DNA

interphase

chromosomes condense

prophase

kinetochores attach to microtubules

prometaphase

chromosomes align at equator

metaphase

sister chromatids separate

anaphase

chromosomes at poles

telophase

cytoplasm divides

cytokinesis

diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes

zygote

morphology of the chromosomes of an organism as viewed with a light microscope

karyotype

position on a chromosome where a gene is located

locus

permanent change in a cell's DNA

mutation

X or Y chromosome

sex chromosome

trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome

sex-linked gene

having identical alleles of the same gene

homozygous

having two different alleles of the same gene

heterozygous

condition in an organism whose cells have lost or gained a chromosome

aneuploidy

physical appearance of function expression of a trait

phenotype

mating of unlike parents

hybridization

genetic makeup underlying a trait or set of traits

genotype

one of two or more alternative states of a gene

allele