comprehensive final vocab Flashcards
maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism
homeostatsis
smallest unit of an element
atom
specialized part of a cell
organelle
factor that influences a process, outcome, or observation
variable
different forms of the same element that have different number of neutrons
isotopes
property of an atom’s nucleus that refers to the affinity of the nucleus for valence electrons
electronegativity
electron in the outermost energy level of an atom
valence electrons
tautness of the surface of a liquid
surface tension
substances that are not soluble in water
hydrophobic
substances that are soluble in water
hydrophilic
molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties
functional group
one group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement
isomer
molecule composed of many similar or identical subunits
polymer
smallest chemical subunit of a polymer
monomer
reaction in which two molecules join to form one larger molecule, simultaneously splitting out a water molecule
dehydration reaction
reaction that breaks a bond by the addition of water
hydrolyosis
nucleotide base polymer
nucleic acid
chain of amino acids
protein
nonpolar, hydrophobic organic molecule
lipid
loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid
denaturation
molecule with a structure similar to a fat, but has only two fatty acids that are attached to a glycerol backbone
phospholipid
fat molecule which contains fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens attached to their carbons
unsaturated fat
range of organisms that can be infected by a particular virus
host range
entire DNA sequence of an organism
genome
links amino acids together through a dehydration reaction
peptide bond
three nucleotide sequence at the end of a transfer RNA molecule
anticodon
basic unit of the genetic code
codon
network of protein microfilaments and microtubules
cytoskeleton
system of connected membranous compartments
endomembrane system
segment of DNA that is both transcribed and translated
exon
functions in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules
gogli apparatus
portion of mRNA that is removed
intron
vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
houses chromosomal DNA
nucleus
molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis
ribosome
relationship of the surface area of the cell to the volume it contains
surface-to-area-ratio
assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA
transcription
assembly of a protein on the ribosome
translation
small intercellular, membrane-bound sac
vesicle
shriveled up RBCs
hypertonic solution
normal RBCs
isotonic solution
RBCs swell and burst
hypotonic solution
region of an enzyme surface to which a specific substrate binds
active site
energy currency of the cell
ATP
energy that must be processed by a molecule in order for the chemical reaction to take place
activation energy
pumping of ions across a membrane against the concentration gradient
active transport
membrane channel for water
aquaporin
inhibitor that binds to the same active site as the substrate
competitive inhibitor
difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane
concentration gradient
protein capable of speeding up a specific chemical reaction
enzyme
energy of motion
kinetic energy
energy that is not being used, but could be
potential energy
free energy must be put into the reaction for it to proceed
endergonic
free energy is released in the reaction
exergonic
movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy
passive transport
solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell
hypertonic
solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell
hypotonic
protein and pigment complex that traps light energy as excited electrons
photosystem
primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
organelle that carries out photosynthesis
chloroplast
organelle that carries out ATP synthesis
mitochondrion
loss of an electron often associated with the loss of hydrogen
oxidation
gain of an electron often with an associated proton (H+)
reduction
anaerobic breakdown of glucose
glycolysis
synthesis of ATP [add the P (phosphate) back onto ADP] by ATP synthase using energy from a proton (H+) gradient
oxidative phosphorlation
passage of electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules
electron transport chain
metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation
cellular respiration
enyzme-catalyzed extraction of energy from inorganic molecules
fermentation
molecule that is the energy currency of the cell
ATP
use electron transport to generate proton (H+) gradient for ATP synthesis using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen
anaerobic respiration
molecule becomes reduced as it carries electrons to ATP-producing pathways
NAD+
3 - carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvate
basic unit of heredity
gene
short segment of DNA produced by discontinuous replication
okazaki fragment
Y-shaped end of growing replication bubble
replication fork
repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation
cell cycle
DNA molecule
chromosome
having two sets of chromosomes (2n)
diploid
haploid reproductive cell
gamete
protein that binds to membrane receptor and initiate cell growth and division
growth factor
having one set of chromosomes (1n)
haploid
pair of the same kind of chromosome in diploid cell
homologous chromosomes
protein within centromere to which mitotic spindle fibers attach during cell division
kinetochore
nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter cells
mitosis
one of two identical copies of each chromosome still linked at the centromere
sister chromatid
any of the cells except for germ-line cells
somatic cell
replicating DNA
interphase
chromosomes condense
prophase
kinetochores attach to microtubules
prometaphase
chromosomes align at equator
metaphase
sister chromatids separate
anaphase
chromosomes at poles
telophase
cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes
zygote
morphology of the chromosomes of an organism as viewed with a light microscope
karyotype
position on a chromosome where a gene is located
locus
permanent change in a cell’s DNA
mutation
X or Y chromosome
sex chromosome
trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome
sex-linked gene
having identical alleles of the same gene
homozygous
having two different alleles of the same gene
heterozygous
condition in an organism whose cells have lost or gained a chromosome
aneuploidy
physical appearance of function expression of a trait
phenotype
mating of unlike parents
hybridization
genetic makeup underlying a trait or set of traits
genotype
one of two or more alternative states of a gene
allele
