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general biology IA > Chapter 10/14 > Flashcards

Chapter 10/14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

a protein complex that triggers anaphase; it initiates a series of reactions that ultimately degrades cohesion

A

anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)

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3
Q

the complex of DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed; highly uncoiled and diffuse in interphase nuclei, condensing to form the visible chromosomes in prophase

A

chromatin

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4
Q

the vehicle by which hereditary information is physically transmitted from one generation to the next

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

a visible point of constriction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins - these proteins make up the kinetochore to which microtubules attach during cell division

A

centromere

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6
Q

any of a number of proteins that are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle and combine with certain protein kinases at certain points during cell division

A

cyclin

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7
Q

any of a group of protein kinase enzymes that control progress through the cell cycle - only active when complexed with cyclin

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

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8
Q

having two sets of chromosomes - in animals (twice the number characteristic gametes) in plants (the chromosome number characteristic of the sporophyte generation)

A

diploid (cell)

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9
Q

a haploid reproductive cell

A

gametes

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10
Q

the entire DNA sequence of an organism

A

genome

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11
Q

any of a number of proteins that bind to membrane receptors and initiate intracellular signaling systems that result in cell growth and division

A

growth factor

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12
Q

having only one set of chromosomes

A

haploid (cell)

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13
Q

refers to similar structures that have the same evolutionary origin - pair of same chromosome in diploid cell

A

homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

disk-shaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

somatic cell division; nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei

A

mitosis

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16
Q

a mutant form of a growth-regulating gene that is inappropriately “on” causing unrestrained cell growth and divison

A

oncogene

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17
Q

a normal cellular gene that can act as an oncogene when mutated

A

proto-oncogene

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18
Q

one of two identical copies of each chromosome, still linked at the centromere, produced as the chromosomes duplicate for mitotic division; similarly, one of two identical copies of each homologous chromosome present in a tetrad at meiosis.

A

sister chromatids

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19
Q

any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that are destined to form gametes (germ-line cells)

A

somatic (cell)

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20
Q

a gene that normally functions to inhibit cell division; mutated forms can lead to the unrestrained cell division of cancer, but only when both copies of the gene are mutant

A

tumor-suppressor gene

21
Q

a topoisomerase involved in DNA replication; it relieves the torsional strain caused by unwinding the DNA strands

A

DNA gyrase

22
Q

a class of enzymes that all synthesize DNA from preexisting template

A

DNA polymerase

23
Q

the enzyme responsible for formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in DNA

A

DNA ligase

24
Q

the structure of DNA, in which two complementary polynucleotide strands coil around a common helical axia

A

double helix

25
Q

the basic unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that encodes a protein, tRna, or rRNA molecule, or regulates the transcription of such a sequence

A

gene

26
Q

any of a group of enzymes that unwind the two DNA strands in the double helix to facilitate DNA replication

A

helicase

27
Q

the DNA strand that must be synthesized discontinuously because of the 5’-to-3’ directionally of DNA polymerase during replication, and the antiparallel nature of DNA

A

lagging strand

28
Q

the DNA strand that can be synthesized continuously from the origin of replication

A

leading strand

29
Q

a short segment of DNA produced by discontinuous replication elongating in the 5’-to-3’ direction away from the replication

A

okazaki fragment

30
Q

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primers required by DNA polymerases

A

primase

31
Q

the macromolecular assembly of enzymes involved in DNA replication; analogous to the ribosome in protein synthesis

A

replisome

32
Q

the y-shaped end of a growing replication bubble in a DNA molecule undergoing replication

A

replication fork

33
Q

in DNA replication, a sequence of about 10 RNA nucleotides complementary to unwound DNA that attaches at a replication fork

A

RNA primer

34
Q

the phases of cell division during which the spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms, and the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse

A

telophase

35
Q

what is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

A

Homologous chromosomes are made up of both maternal and paternal copies of the same chromosome, whereas sister chromatids in a single chromosome can be either a maternal or a paternal copy

36
Q

list in order the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

(interphase)
-g1
-s
-g2
(m phase)
-mitosis
-cytokinesis

37
Q

what events happen during interphase?

A

G1 (signal received - preparation to divide)

S (synthesize - DNA replication)

G2 (DNA proofreading)

38
Q

describe the phases of mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase:
    -chromosomes condense and become visible
    -chromosomes appear as two sister chromatids held together at the centromere
  2. Prometaphase:
    -mitotic spindle attaches
    - chromosomes attach to microtubules at the kinetochores
  3. Metaphase:
    - all chromosomes are aligned at equator of the cell, called metaphase plate
    -chromosomes are attached to opposite poles
  4. Anaphase:
    -proteins holding centromeres for sister chromatids are degraded
    - chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
  5. Telophase:
    - nuclear envelopes re-form around chromosomes
    -spindle is disassembled
39
Q

what is the role of checkpoints in control of the cell cycle?

A

Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle. These include growth to the appropriate cell size, the replication and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate segregation at mitosis.

40
Q

what is the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor-suppressor genes?

A

the protein products of proto-oncogenes stimulate cell growth and division - they’re like a gas pedal in a car. Tumor suppressor genes, on the other hand, are in charge of negative regulation of the cell cycle, so their protein products stop its progression and promote apoptosis or cell death.

41
Q

a complementary pair of nucleotide bases

A

base-pair

42
Q

evaluate the significance of complementarity for DNA structure and function.

A

The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases: adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The two strands are thus complementary to each other

43
Q

one strand of the parental duplex would remain intact in each daughter duplex; a new complementary strand would be synthesized with each parental strand - each daughter duplex would consist of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

A

semiconservative model

44
Q

what are the products of semiconservative replication?

A

Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.

45
Q

describe the requirements for DNA replication.

A

replication requires three things: something to copy, something to do the copying, and the building blocks to make the copy.

the parental DNA molecules serve as a template, enzymes perform the actions of copying the template, and the building blocks are nucleotides.

46
Q

explain why replication is discontinuous on one strand.

A

the nature of DNA mean that only one strand, the leading strand, can be synthesized continuously - the other strand, lagging strand, must be made in pieces, each with its own primer

47
Q

diagram the function found at the replication fork

A

synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates

48
Q

explain the function of telomeres.

A

protect the ends of chromosomes from nucleases and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes

they protect us from cancer

49
Q

what is the structure of DNA?
this will be a question on the test

A

-> double helix
-> antiparallel

general biology IA (7 decks)

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