Chp 7/8

Question 1

the metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidization, ultimately dependent on molecular oxygen; carried out by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 1

cellular respiration

Question 2

a molecule that becomes reduced (to NADH) as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell

Answer 2

NAD+

Question 3

the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

Answer 3

aerobic respiration

Question 4

the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen

Answer 4

fermentation

Question 5

the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes

Answer 5

electron transport chain

Question 6

the anaerobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP

Answer 6

glycolysis

Question 7

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient. The proton gradient is generated by electron transport, which requires oxygen

Answer 7

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

the multi-subunit membrane protein that catalyzes the phosphorylation reaction to produce ATP. The enzyme uses energy from a proton gradient, and is found in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as in prokaryotes

Answer 8

ATP synthase

Question 9

metabolic intermediate consisting of acetyl group linked to coenzyme A, produced by the transition reaction in cellular respiration and oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 9

acetyl-coA

Question 10

the mechanism by which ATP is generated in mitochondria and chloroplasts; energetic electrons excited by light (in chloroplasts) or extracted by oxidation in the Krebs cycle are used to drive proton pumps, creating a proton concentration gradient ; when protons subsequently flow back across the membrane, they pass through channels that couple their movement of synthesis of ATP

Answer 10

chemiosmosis

Question 11

the use of electron transport to generate proton gradient for chemiosmosis synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

Answer 11

anaerobic respiration

Question 12

a 3-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis - each glucose molecule yields to two of these molecules

Answer 12

pyruvate

Question 13

loss of an electron by an atom or molecule - often associated with a gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

Answer 13

oxidation

Question 14

a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost from one atom are gained by another atom

Answer 14

redox reaction

Question 15

the gain of an electron by an atom, often associated with a proton

Answer 15

reduction

Question 16

enzyme-catalyzed transfer phosphate group directly to ADP

Answer 16

substrate-level phosphorlation

Question 17

the primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis (appears green)

Answer 17

chlorophyll

Question 18

in photosynthesis, the reactions in which light energy is captured and used in production of ATP and NADPH. In plants this involves the action of two linked photosystems.

Answer 18

light-dependent reactions

Question 19

the conversion of CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis; the first stage of the dark reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide from the air is combined with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

Answer 19

carbon fixation

Question 20

an organized complex of chlorophyll, other pigments, and proteins that traps light energy as excited electrons

Answer 20

photosystem

Question 21

the dark reactions of C3 photo­synthesis; also called the Calvin–Benson cycle

Answer 21

calvin cycle

Question 22

the four-subunit enzyme in the chloroplast that catalyzes the carbon fixation reaction joining CO2 to RuBP

Answer 22

rubisco

Question 23

glycolysis (cellular respiration)

Answer 23

1. glycolysis-glucose<pyruvate (forming two ATP and NADH in the process)
2. pyruvate oxidation: pyruvate-acetyl CoA
3. citric acid (krebs cycle) NAD+ carries protons and electrons shuttling them to
4. electron transport chain

Question 24

epithelial cell structures found in tree leaves and needles that help promote plant growth and exchange carbon dioxide and water with the surrounding environment.

Answer 24

stomata

Question 25

a cell-like organelle present in algae and plants that contain chlorophyll (and usually other pigments) and carries out photosynthesis

Answer 25

chloroplast

Question 26

in chloroplasts, a complex, organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 26

thylakoids

Question 27

chemical reaction involving the loss of a hydrogen atom

Answer 27

dehydrogenation

Question 28

what role do electron carriers play in energy metabolism

Answer 28

Nad+ carries an electron and drops it off but never stops with it

Question 29

ATP’s role in biological systems

Answer 29

cells need to control their contents by moving substances across the plasma membrane, or moving organelles within cells - this can be powered by ATP

cells also use ATP to power endergonic reactions that would not happen spontaneously

Question 30

what is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?

Answer 30

oxygen has a high affinity for electrons in aerobic respiration

oxygen is unavailable in fermentation

Question 31

what is the structure of the electron transport chain?

Answer 31

collection of membrane-embedded proteins and organic molecules most of them organized into four large complexes

Question 32

what is the function of the electron transport chain?

Answer 32

high energy electrons harvested from catabolized molecules are transported by mobile electron carriers between three complexes of membrane proteins - these use portions of the electrons energy to pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space - electrons are finally used to reduce oxygen and form h 2 0

Question 33

explain how the proton gradient connects electron transport with ATP synthesis

Answer 33

chemiosmosis creates a concentration gradient of protons across the inner membrane - this electrochemical gradient is a form of potential energy that can be used for ATP synthase - this enzyme couples the reentry of protons to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.

Question 34

what is the reaction of photosynthesis?

Answer 34

light energy+co2+h20–> C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 (oxygen)

Question 35

what is the structure of the chloroplast?

Answer 35

oval-shaped and have two membranes an outer membrane and an inner membrane
inner membrane -> there are flattened disks aligned in columns - the rest of the interior is filled with a semifluid substance called stroma

Question 36

what is the difference between light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions?

Answer 36

light-dependent reactions need light and absorb energy and transfer them to molecules

light-independent reactions do not need light - their energy is used and stored in food molecules

Question 37

why are pigments important to photosynthesis?

Answer 37

absorb light energy from the sun - when pigments absorb light energy it puts it in the visible range

Question 38

absorption spectrum of a pigment to its color

Answer 38

The relationship of absorbance vs. wavelength for a pigment molecule. This indicates which wavelengths are absorbed maximally by a pigment.
chlorophyll a absorbs most strongly in the violet-blue and red regions.

Question 39

photosytem slides in powerpoint

Answer 39

read them

Question 40

see slide 22 on chapter 8

Answer 40

light reaction generating NADPH and ATP