chapter 5 & 6

Question 1

the energy of motion

Answer 1

kinetic energy

Question 2

energy that is not being used, but could be; energy in a potentially usable form; “energy of position”

Answer 2

potential energy

Question 3

the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature

Answer 3

thermal energy

Question 4

a measure of the random motion of molecules; the greater the heat, the greater the motion

Answer 4

heat

Question 5

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can undergo conversion from one form to another; thus the amount of energy in the universe is unchangeable

Answer 5

first law of thermodynamics

Question 6

statement concerning the transformation of potential energy into heat; it says that disorder is continually increasing in the universe as energy changes occur, so disorder is more likely than order

Answer 6

second law of thermodynamics

Question 7

the region of an enzyme surface to which a specific set of substrates binds, lowering the activation energy required for a particular chemical reaction and so facilitating it

Answer 7

active sites

Question 8

an inhibitor that binds to the same active site as an enzyme’s substrate, thereby competing with the substrate

Answer 8

competitive inhibitor

Question 9

the diffusion of molecules or ions through carrier proteins or ion channels, requires a concentration gradient, but not any input of energy

Answer 9

facilitated diffusion

Question 10

a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell - cell loses water by osmosis

Answer 10

hypertonic

Question 11

a solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell - cell takes in water by osmosis (cell explodes)

Answer 11

hypotonic

Question 12

movement of substances across a cell’s membrane without the expenditure of energy

Answer 12

passive transport

Question 13

a difference in concentration inside the membrane verses outside

Answer 13

concentration gradient

Question 14

the net movement of dissolved molecules or other particles from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated

Answer 14

diffusion

Question 15

the energy that must be processed by a molecule in order for it to undergo a specific chemical reaction

Answer 15

activation energy

Question 16

the foundation to which an organism is attached; molecule on which an enzyme acts

Answer 16

substrate

Question 17

the complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate - this complex often has an altered configuration compared with the non-bound enzyme

Answer 17

enzyme-substrate complex

Question 18

requires an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from similar ones (small molecules assemble into larger ones)

Answer 18

anabolic pathway

Question 19

involves the degradation or break down of complex molecules into simpler ones -energy is released

Answer 19

catabolic pathway

Question 20

linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell

Answer 20

metabolic pathway

Question 21

an inhibitor that binds to a location other than the active site of an enzyme, changing the enzyme’s shape so that it cannot bind the substrate

Answer 21

noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 22

a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy

Answer 22

enzyme

Question 23

a stable condition; the point at which a chemical reaction proceeds as rapidly in the reverse direction as it does in its forwarddirection

Answer 23

equililbrium

Question 24

energy available for work

Answer 24

free energy

Question 25

describes a chemical reaction in which the products contain more energy than the reactants, so that free energy must be put into the reaction from an outside source to allow it to proceed

Answer 25

endergonic reaction

Question 26

describes a chemical reaction in which the products contain less free energy than the reactants, so that free energy is released into the reaction

Answer 26

exergonic reaction

Question 27

membrane channel that allows water to cross the membrane more easily than by diffusion through the membrane

Answer 27

aquaporins

Question 28

the pumping of ions or other molecules across a cellular membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; this transport process requires energy

Answer 28

active transport

Question 29

solution having the same concentration of solutes as the cell - cell takes in/loses the same amount of water

Answer 29

isotonic

Question 30

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; in the absence of differences in pressure or volume - the net movement of water is from the side containing a lower concentration of solute to the side containing a higher concentration

Answer 30

osmosis

Question 31

protein molecules notified within the golgi complex by having a short sugar chain (polysaccharide) attached

Answer 31

glycoprotein

Question 32

lipid molecule notified within the golgi complex by having a short sugar chain attached

Answer 32

glycolipid

Question 33

similar in structure to fat - having only two fatty acids attached to the gylcerol backbone, 3rd space linked to a phosphorlated molecule

Answer 33

phospholipid

Question 34

describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving

Answer 34

fluid mosaic

Question 35

two types of proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane and what is the difference between them

Answer 35

integral proteins - embedded in the whole bilayer

peripheral proteins - located on the inner or outer surface

Question 36

proteins that transport substances across biological membranes (two types)

Answer 36

transport proteins
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport

Question 37

what are the four components of a cellular membrane? (describe)

Answer 37

a. phospholipid bilayer (flexible matrix - barrier to permeability)
b. transmembrane proteins (integral membrane proteins)
c. interior protein network (peripheral or intracellular membrane proteins)
d. cell-surface markers (glycoproteins/glycolipids)

Question 38

allows some substances to cross membrane more easily than others

Answer 38

selective permeability

Question 39

hydrophillic and hydrophobic portions in their structure - what is this called?

Answer 39

amphiphatic

Question 40

substances that accomplish catalysis-process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction

Answer 40

catalyst

Question 41

process that occurs naturally- requires no energy input

Answer 41

spontaneous reaction

Question 42

will not take place - unless it is “driven” by the continually input of energy from an external source

Answer 42

nonspontaneous reaction

Question 43

the uptake of material into cells by inclusion within an invagination of the plasma membrane; the uptake of solid material is phagocytosis -dissolved material is pinocytosis

Answer 43

endocytosis

Question 44

type of bulk transport of cells in which a vacuole fuses with the plasma membrane discharging the vacuole’s contents to the outside

Answer 44

exocytosis

Question 45

(our card from class)
what is the function of an enzyme? and example of it :)

Answer 45

function: a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy

bodies naturally makes enzymes without them our bodies would not function at all.

example:
amylase -> saliva help change starches into sugars
pepsin -> stomach enzyme digests proteins found in ingested foods