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Comprehensive Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural background radiation yields what amount of exposure per year?

A

300mR

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2
Q

What is the annual exposure to cosmic radiation?

A

30mR

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3
Q

What is the annual terrestrial radiation exposure?

A

30mR

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4
Q

What is the annual Internal radiation exposure?

A

30mR

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5
Q

What is the annual radiation exposure from radon gas?

A

100-200mR

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6
Q

This is a natural by product of the transmutation of the decay of uranium.

A

Radon Gas

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7
Q

Radon gas only exposes which type of lung tissue and is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer?

A

Epithelial lining

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8
Q

What is the annual radiation exposure for medical X-rays?

A

60mR

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9
Q

What is the annual radiation exposure to man made background?

A

40mR

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10
Q

This is narrowly defined as the intensity of radiation incident upon the surface of an object.

A

Exposure

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11
Q

How is exposure best detected?

A

As an ionization event in the air just above the surface.

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12
Q

This is the intensity of radiation entering through the surface of the body, not the amount absorbed by the body.

A

Entrance Skin Exposure

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13
Q

This is a measure of ionizations in the air and only applies to X-rays.

A

Roentgen

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14
Q

This is a unit of measure of absorbed dose and applies to all types of radiation. The patients dose is usually given in this unit.

A

Rad

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15
Q

What is Rad?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

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16
Q

This is a unit of measure of dose equivalent and of biological harm.

A

Rem

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17
Q

What is Rem?

A

Radiation Equivalent in Man

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18
Q

Wr and Wt are related to which unit of radiation measurement?

A

Rems

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19
Q

What is Wr?

A

Relative Harmfulness

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20
Q

What is Wt?

A

Relative Sensitivity

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21
Q

What is the relative sensitivity of bone? Organs? Marrow, Colon, Lung? Gonads?

A

Bone- .01
Organs- .05
Marrow, Colon Lungs- .12
Gonads- .20

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22
Q

1R=1rad=1rem for X-rays… for neutrons? Alpha?

A

Neutrons- 10rem

Alpha- 20rem

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23
Q

This is 100 ergs per gram of tissue and is independent of collimation.

A

Rad dose

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24
Q

What is the dose area product formula?

A

dose*field size

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25
Q

This is defined as 1 joule of energy deposited per kilogram of tissue.

A

Gray (Gy)

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26
Q

What is Gy(a)? Gy(t)?

A

Gy-a- energy absorbed in air

Gy-t- energy absorbed in tissue

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27
Q

What is the conventional unit of measurement equivalent to Gy(a)? Gy(t)?

A

Roentgen

Rads

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28
Q

What is the SI equivalent to rems?

A

Sievert

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29
Q

1 gray is equal to how many rads?

A

100

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30
Q

In order to convert from conventional to SI what do you do? From SI to conventional?

A

Multiply by .01

Divide by .01

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31
Q

This type of interaction with matter requires 10kEv or less where the incident electron enters the atom causing excitation and then exits in a new direction with no loss of energy.

A

Coherent Scatter (classical/unmodified)

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32
Q

This type of interaction with matter uses moderate kEv where the incident X-ray removes the inner shell electron from orbit. An outer shell electron then drops down to fill that space. The extra energy given off is in the form of secondary (characteristic) radiation.

A

Photoelectric

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33
Q

This interaction with matter is a major cause of pt dose as well as a major part of the image formation.

A

Photoelectric

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34
Q

What is the relationship to photoelectric effect and the atomic number of an atom? The photon energy?

A
  • it is directly proportional to the atomic #^3

- it is inversely proportional to photon energy^3

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35
Q

This type of interaction with matter occurs at higher kEv ranges with outer shell electrons with a low binding energy. When this occurs it glances off the outer shell electron giving up energy in the form of scatter.

A

Comptons (modified)

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36
Q

How much energy does a compton scatter retain?

A

2/3 the original

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37
Q

This type of interaction with matter is therapeutic occurring at 1.02mEv or greater. It is influenced by the nucleus causing the photon to disappear and in its place are 1 positron and 1 negatron.

A

Pair Production

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38
Q

When a positron interfaces with a negative electron what is the outcome?

A

Annihilation where 2 photons are produced each with .5 mEv of energy

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39
Q

This type of interaction with matter is therapeutic and occurs at 10mEv or greater. The photon penetrates the nucleus and absorbs energy causing excitation that spits out a nuclear fragment.

A

Photodisintegration

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40
Q

Total Effective Dose Equivalent is based on what?

A

Whole body dose limiting organs

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41
Q

What are the 3 limiting organs for TEDE?

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Red Bone Marrow
  3. Lens of the eye
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42
Q

What is DEL?

A

Dose Equivalent Limits

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43
Q

This type of DEL is for long term control and if it is exceeded action is required. It is age in years * 1rem.

A

Cumulative Lifetime Dose Equivalent Limits

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44
Q

This type of DEL restricts dose at early ages to allow flexibility in older ages. “looking ahead”. It allows 5rem/yr

A

Prospective Dose Limits

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45
Q

This type of DEL is most commonly for nuclear power plant workers and allows 3rem/quarter.

A

Retrospective Dose Limit

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46
Q

This is a dose if given to every individual will cause the same genetic effects in the population as the existing distribution of radiation.

A

Genetically Significant Dose (GSD)

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47
Q

What are the 5 main tissues of the human body?

A
  1. water
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. carbohydrates
  5. nucleic acids
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48
Q

What percent does water make up in the body? Proteins? Lipids? Carbohydrates? Nucleic Acids?

A 
Water- 80%
Proteins- 15%
Lipids- 2%
Carbohydrates- 1%
Nucleic Acids- 1%
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49
Q

This type of cell generates or builds tissues for specific organs.

A

-Blast cells

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50
Q

This type of cell destroys particular cells that are non functional or worn out.

A

-Clast Cells

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51
Q

This is a small bundle of reproductive or stem cells.

A

Blastula

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52
Q

This is a “body” cell of regular organ tissue.

A

Somatic Cells -soma

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53
Q

This is a “beginning” production cell such as a sperm or ova.

A

Genetic Cells -genesis

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54
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The phase of active division of a cell

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55
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
56
Q

In which stage of mitosis does the nucleus swell?

A

Prophase

57
Q

In which stage of mitosis does the nucleus elongate, chromosomes line up in the middle, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?

A

Metaphase

58
Q

In which stage of mitosis do the double chromosomes split and get pulled to polar ends?

A

Anaphase

59
Q

In which stage of mitosis does the new cell membrane divide the cell?

A

Telophase

60
Q

Which stage of mitosis shows chromosomes visibly under a microscope?

A

Metaphase

61
Q

What is Interphase?

A

The resting phase of a cell

62
Q

What are the 3 phases of Interphase?

A
  1. Gap 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Gap 2
63
Q

In this stage of interphase the cell duplicates organelles but not DNA.

A

Gap 1

64
Q

In this stage of interphase the cell replicates DNA and 2 chromatids become 4 for all chromosomes.

A

Synthesis

65
Q

In this stage of interphase enzymes and proteins are formed in preparation for cell division.

A

Gap 2

66
Q

This is the most radiosensitive stage of interphase.

A

Synthesis

67
Q

The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states what?

A

The most radiosensitive cells are young, fast growing, poorly or undifferentiated cells.

68
Q

This type of cell is one that divides more frequently and has a longer “dividing future”

A

Prolific

69
Q

This is another name for a young cell.

A

Primitive

70
Q

Cells that are both prolific and primitive are highly radiosensitive, what are some examples.

A

Blast and Stem cells

71
Q

The minimum dose delivered at the rate of 200rad/day that will produce a response is known as what?

A

Relative Radiosensitivity of tissues and organs

72
Q

This graphs the degree of biological response to increasing doses of ionizing radiation.

A

Radiation Response Curve

73
Q

What are the 2 types of radiation response curves?

A
  1. # of cases occurring within a population

2. severity of a particular effect on a single organism

74
Q

A proportional relationship on a response curve is known as what?

A

Linear

75
Q

When the rate of response changes at different exposures on a radiation response curve this is known as?

A

Non-linear

76
Q

This is the point you can see the first response on the radiation response curve.

A

Threshold

77
Q

This type of radiation response curve shows no visible point of safe exposure for which we can be sure an effect will not occur.

A

Non-Threshold

78
Q

What are the 2 main concerns at diagnostic radiology levels? What is the response curve? What does this mean?

A
  1. Genetic and Carcinogenic effects
  2. Linear, Nonthreshold
  3. There is no completely safe level of exposure
79
Q

The target molecule critical to the survival of the cell describes what?

A

The Target Theory

80
Q

When non target molecules take a hit from radiation it results in what?

A

Sub-lethal hit

81
Q

This is an unprepared functional damage to a chromosome resulting in deactivation of a portion of the genetic code.

A

“hit”

82
Q

What is the survival code for cells?

A

Minimum threshold dose before cells begin to die.

83
Q

What hits are non lethal?

A

Single target- single hit

Single target- multi-hit

84
Q

What hits are lethal?

A

Multi target- single hit

85
Q

This type of hit occurs from the creation from water of chemical compounds which then attack the target molecule.

A

Indirect

86
Q

This type of hit has a low probability compared to Indirect hits.

A

Direct

87
Q

This is ionization causing the chemical breaking down of water into various ions and free radicals.

A

Radiolysis of water/Hydrolysis

88
Q

HOH+, HOH- are types of what?

A

Ions

89
Q

OH+, H+ are types of what?

A

Free Radicals

90
Q

What is the most damaging free radical?

A

Hydroxl (OH+)

91
Q

Hydroxl causes how much damage?

A

2/3 of call damage caused

92
Q

What does Hydroxl attack?

A
  1. tRNA in the endoplasmic reticulum

2. DNA and mRNA in the nucleus

93
Q

An attack of hydroxyl on the DNA and mRNA in the nucleus can result in what?

A

changes in genetic code and metabolism of a cell.

94
Q

Damage to the cell membrane can occur from what?

A
  1. Ionizing radiation damage breaching the cell membrane

2. toxins enter and the cytoplasms dry out causing cel death

95
Q

The cell membrane is composed of what?

A

Phospholipids

96
Q

What are the 2 parts of a phospholipid?

A

1 phosphate and 2 lipids

97
Q

Phosphates dissolve in what? Lipids?

A
  1. dissolve in water

2. alcohol dissolves lipids

98
Q

What are the 3 types of Irradiation of Macromolecules?

A
  1. Main Chain Scission
  2. Cross-Linking
  3. Point Lesions
99
Q

This breaks into smaller molecules decreasing viscosity.

A

Main Chain Scission

100
Q

This chain attaches at middle points increasing viscosity.

A

Cross-Linking

101
Q

These can become late effects of radiation.

A

Point Lesions

102
Q

What are the 3 types of damage that can occur to DNA/RNA?

A
  1. Main Chain Scission
  2. Rung Damage
  3. Frame Shift Mutations
103
Q

What occurs to the DNA if damaged by Main Chain Scission?

A

There is a break in the sugar phosphate “rails” of molecule structure.

104
Q

What occurs in main chain scission if 1 side rail is severed? Both side rails severed?

A
  • If one is severed the damage is repairable

- If both sides are severed it is caused by a direct hit which is rare

105
Q

What occurs to DNA if rung damage occurs? Is it reparable?

A

There is a break in the nitrogenous base pairs that make up the “rungs”.
Reparable because they are held in place by the rails.

106
Q

What occurs to DNA if Frame Shift Mutation occurs?

A

There is actual change in the sequence of genetic code. Both side rails must be broken or one rung.

107
Q

This is any unprepared changes to genetic code. It is recessive/hereditary.

A

Mutations

108
Q

What is the radiation response curve for mutations?

A

Linear- Nonthreshold

109
Q

What are the 3 types of single hit chromosome aberrations?

A
  1. Acentric
  2. Dicentric
  3. Translocation
110
Q

What are the 3 types of multi hit effects to chromosomes?

A
  1. Deletions
  2. Rings
  3. Cross-Linking
111
Q

This is the energy deposited per mm or micrometer of tissue as radiation penetrates into the body.

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

112
Q

LET is an indicator of what?

A

How harmful the radiation is.

113
Q

LET is always inverse to what?

A

Penetration

114
Q

What is the most appropriate LET unit of measure is what?

A

Kilovolts per micron

115
Q

What is the LET for x-rays?

A

3kev per micrometer of tissue

116
Q

This is the effectiveness of a certain type of radiation in causing a specified effect or disease.

A

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)

117
Q

What are the typical RBE’s for X-rays? 10mev protons? 5mev alpha? Particle accelerators?

A

x-rays- 1
protons- 5
alpha- 20
particle- 30

118
Q

This is a dose delivered continuously at a lower dose rate. This dose over an extended period of time reduces effectiveness therefore a higher dose must be calculated to compensate enough to still destroy the tumor.

A

Protraction of Dose

119
Q

This is a dose that breaks the total dose into several separated or discrete portions. Therefore allowing time in between each exposure allowing for normal tissue to recover.

A

Fractionation of Dose

120
Q

Fractionation reduced the effectiveness of the radiation due to what 2 factors?

A
  1. Extended delivery time.

2. Separation of dose.

121
Q

The increased pressure of O2 enhances the production of free radicals from radiation exposure describes what?

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER)

122
Q

OER applies to which type of damage?

A

Indirect

123
Q

This is a theory stating small amounts of radiation may be salutary to cell viability.

A

Hormesis

124
Q

What are the 3 ways of measuring risk?

A
  1. Epidemiology
  2. Extrapolation
  3. Direct Experimentation
125
Q

This is the study of disease in a population.

A

Epidemiology

126
Q

This is projecting unknown results from known data.

A

Extrapolation

127
Q

What are the 3 types of risk?

A
  1. Absolute
  2. Relative
  3. Excess
128
Q

This is #of cases per million per year.

A

Absolute Risk

129
Q

This is the ratio of cases compared to a control population of identical size.

A

Relative Risk

130
Q

This is the # of cases beyond the moral expected in a group.

A

Excess Risk

131
Q

This is a type of effect that increases in severity with increasing dose above the threshold. It is certain to occur with large doses.

A

Deterministic Effects

132
Q

Deterministic Effects are which type of effect and follow which type of response curve?

A

early effects following a non-linear threshold curve

133
Q

This is a type of effect that increases in probability with increasing dose while the severity is independent of the dose level. It is random measured statistically in a population.

A

Stochasic Effects

134
Q

Stochastic effects occur at what dose levels? What is the response curve?

A
  • Low dose levels.

- Linear Non threshold

135
Q

Stochastic effects are early or late effects?

A

Late Effects

Rad Bio (5 decks)

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