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CH.38-39 Flashcards

1
Q

This is radiation received constantly from the earth, sun, stars, buildings and out own bodies.

A

Natural Background Radiation

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2
Q

What is the average cumulative dose per year of natural background radiation?

A

300mR

range- 100-500

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3
Q

What are the 3 main sources of natural background radiation?

A
  1. Cosmic- sun stars space
  2. Terrestrial- earth
  3. Internal- own bodies
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4
Q

What are the main sources of man-made radiation?

A
  • Medical applications
  • Consumer products
  • Technology
  • Waste
  • Building Materials
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5
Q

The amount of radiation from cosmic sources are dependent on what?

A

elevation level- the higher the elevation the greater the cosmic mR

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6
Q

The amount of radiation from terrestrial sources are dependent upon what?

A

Mountain areas have higher dose levels

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7
Q

This is a natural by-product of transmutation in the decay of uranium.

A

Radon gas

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8
Q

Radon gas only exposes what type of tissue?

A

Lung tissue

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9
Q

What are some types of medical applications associated with radiation?

A
  • Dental x-rays
  • Diagnostic x-rays
  • CT scans
  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiation therapy
  • Dexa
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10
Q

What is the average dose of radiation from medical applications?

A

55mR

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11
Q

This is narrowly defined as the intensity of radiation incident upon the surface of an object.

A

Exposure

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12
Q

Exposure is best detected as what?

A

Ionization events in the air just above the surface, which can generate electrical charge in a detecting device.

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13
Q

This is the intensity of radiation entering through the surface into the body, not the amount absorbed by the body.

A

Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)

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14
Q

Which conventional unit is used only for x-rays, not for particulate radiations?

A

Roentgen R

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15
Q

One roentgen is equal to how many ion pairs in a cubic cm of air?

A

2.08*10^9 ion pairs in a cubic cm of air

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16
Q

This is the only appropriate unit for measuring the intensity of the “raw” x-ray beam emitted by the X-ray tube at a particular distance.

A

Roentgen

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17
Q

What does Rad stand for?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

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18
Q

What does Rem stand for?

A

Radiation Equivalent in Man

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19
Q

This is the unit for dose equivalent and true biological harm.

A

Rem

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20
Q

Roentgen measures what?

A

Exposure (surface) in ionizations in Air

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21
Q

Rad measures what?

A

Dose energy absorbed

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22
Q

Rem measures what?

A

Dose equivalent biological harm

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23
Q

The curie measures what?

A

Radioactivity in decays per second

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24
Q

1 Rad is equal to how much energy absorbed?

A

1r=100 ergs/gm of tissue

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25
Q

This is the relative harmfulness of radiation compared to 250 kV X-rays.

A

Wr

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26
Q

This is the relative sensitivity of the exposed tissue compared to other tissue.

A

Wt

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27
Q

Which type of tissue is the most radiosensitive?

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

Which type of tissue is the most radiation resistant?

A

Nervous tissue

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29
Q

What are the weighting factors for X-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles?

A

1

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30
Q

What is the weighting factor for protons?

A

2

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31
Q

What is the weighting factor for alpha particles?

A

20

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32
Q

The weighting factor for neutrons is based on what?

A

the amount of energy

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33
Q

What is the tissue weighting factor for cortical bone and skin?

A

.01

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34
Q

What is the tissue weighting factor for organs in general?

A

,05

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35
Q

What is the tissue weighting factor for bone marrow, colon, lung, and stomach?

36
Q

What is the tissue weighting factor for the gonads?

37
Q

1r is equal to how many neutrons?

38
Q

1r is equal to how many alpha particles?

39
Q

Since the Rad is defined as 100 ergs/gm of tissue then it is independent of what?

A

Collimation

40
Q

This is used in order to take into account the harm to an organism when a larger area of the body is exposed to radiation.

A

Dose Area Product (DAP)

41
Q

What is the formula for DAP?

A

dose* field size area

42
Q

This is a system international unit that directly measures the electrical charge in air.

A

Coulombs/kilogram

43
Q

C/kg generates how much ionization?

A

6 billion billion in 1m^3

44
Q

This is defined as 1 Joule of energy per kilogram of tissue.

45
Q

100 ergs is equal to how many joules?

A

1 hundred thousandth

46
Q

This SI unit denotes energy absorbed in air.

47
Q

This SI unit denotes energy absorbed in tissue.

48
Q

One Gy is equal to how many rads?

49
Q

Which unit is larger, the gray or the rad?

50
Q

This SI unit is used for dose equivalent.

51
Q

1 Sievert is equal to how many rems?

52
Q

Which is the larger unit sieverts or rems?

53
Q

This is defined as one single decay event.

A

Becuerel (Bq)

54
Q

How many Bq make up a curie?

A

37 billion

55
Q

What is another name for classical scattering?

A

Coherent, Unmodified

56
Q

Coherent interactions occur at what energy levels?

A

10keV or less

57
Q

This type of interaction occurs at moderate keV ranges.

A

Photoelectric

58
Q

Photoelectric effect is directly proportional to the 3rd power of what?

A

The atomic number

59
Q

Photoelectric effect is inversely proportional to the 3rd power of what?

A

Photon energy

60
Q

This causes patient dosage and is a major part of image formation. It is true absorption of radiation.

A

Photoelectric Effect

61
Q

This process is when an incident photon removes an inner shell electron from its orbit then an outer shell electron drops down to the inner shell and the electron gives off its extra energy as in the form of secondary radiation.

A

Photoelectric

62
Q

This happens at high keV ranges when outer shell electrons have a low binding energy.

A

Compton Effect

63
Q

This is a major cause of film fog or misplaced information as well as a major radiation protection problem.

A

Comptons scatter

64
Q

In this process a high energy incident photon interacts with an outer shell electron then glances off the outer shell electron and gives up energy to the electron to remove it from orbit.

65
Q

The amount of energy given to the electron in compton is determined by what?

A

The angle of the interaction.

66
Q

When the radiation changes direction during comp tom it is called what?

A

Scatter Radiation

67
Q

This process is a major cause of operator exposure.

68
Q

What are the 2 types of therapeutic radiation?

A

Pair Production

Photodisintergration

69
Q

This interaction is when a photon bypasses all electrons in the atom and is influenced by the nucleus causing the photon to disappear and in its place 2 particle like electrons are formed-positron and negatron- they are electron like in their particle size. Consequent of the positron has the ability to interact with a negative electron when this occurs annihilation interaction occurs producing 2 photons each with .5 mEv of energy.

A

Pair Production

70
Q

This interaction occurs with photon energies 10mEv or greater. Amount of energy in 10mev actually penetrates the nucleus and absorbs the energy causing excitation that then spits out a nuclear fragment. Energy of the fragment depends on the atomic number

A

Photodisintergration

71
Q

What does DEL stand for?

A

Dose Equivalent Limits

72
Q

Current DELs are based on the concept of what?

A

Effective Dose Equivalents

73
Q

Effective Dose Equivalent is based on summing and weighting estimated effects on essential organs to arrive at what?

A

Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)

74
Q

What are the 3 whole body dose limiting organs in which the TEDE is based on?

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Red Bone Marrow
  3. Lens of the Eye
75
Q

What are the 3 types of DELs?

A
  1. Cumulative Lifetime Limit
  2. Prospective Limit
  3. Retrospective Limit
76
Q

This type of DEL is designed for long term control and does not protect young workers well. It has the formula of 1rem*age.

A

Cumulative Lifetime Limit

77
Q

This is a relative or average dose limit. It restricts dose at early ages and allows flexibility in older ages. “looking ahead”

A

Prospective Dose Limit (PDL)

78
Q

What is the Prospective Dose limit?

A

5rem/year

100mrem/week

79
Q

This is used in some fields to provide further guidance on prospective limits. They provide an important reminder that radiation exposure should be more or less evenly distributed over time.

A

Retrospective Dose Equivalent Limit

80
Q

What is the RDEL?

A

3 rem/quarter for nuclear power plant workers

81
Q

What is the embyro/fetus limit for pregnant radiation workers?

A

a monthly limit that restricts the dose to .5reme for the entire gestational period.

82
Q

What does GSD stand for?

A

Genetically Significant Dose

83
Q

This is an averaged quantity to indicate how much genetic harm is being caused to the entire human population.

84
Q

The GSD is a gonadal dose that if given to every individual would cause what?

A

The same genetic effects in the population as the existing distribution of radiation.

85
Q

What is the approximate GSD?

A

20mrem/year

86
Q

What procedure is the highest contributor to GSD?

A

Lumbar Spine- 20%

Rad Bio (5 decks)

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