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CH.38-39 Flashcards

1
Q

This is radiation received constantly from the earth, sun, stars, buildings and out own bodies.

A

Natural Background Radiation

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2
Q

What is the average cumulative dose per year of natural background radiation?

A

300mR

range- 100-500

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3
Q

What are the 3 main sources of natural background radiation?

A
  1. Cosmic- sun stars space
  2. Terrestrial- earth
  3. Internal- own bodies
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4
Q

What are the main sources of man-made radiation?

A
  • Medical applications
  • Consumer products
  • Technology
  • Waste
  • Building Materials
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5
Q

The amount of radiation from cosmic sources are dependent on what?

A

elevation level- the higher the elevation the greater the cosmic mR

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6
Q

The amount of radiation from terrestrial sources are dependent upon what?

A

Mountain areas have higher dose levels

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7
Q

This is a natural by-product of transmutation in the decay of uranium.

A

Radon gas

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8
Q

Radon gas only exposes what type of tissue?

A

Lung tissue

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9
Q

What are some types of medical applications associated with radiation?

A
  • Dental x-rays
  • Diagnostic x-rays
  • CT scans
  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiation therapy
  • Dexa
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10
Q

What is the average dose of radiation from medical applications?

A

55mR

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11
Q

This is narrowly defined as the intensity of radiation incident upon the surface of an object.

A

Exposure

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12
Q

Exposure is best detected as what?

A

Ionization events in the air just above the surface, which can generate electrical charge in a detecting device.

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13
Q

This is the intensity of radiation entering through the surface into the body, not the amount absorbed by the body.

A

Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)

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14
Q

Which conventional unit is used only for x-rays, not for particulate radiations?

A

Roentgen R

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15
Q

One roentgen is equal to how many ion pairs in a cubic cm of air?

A

2.08*10^9 ion pairs in a cubic cm of air

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16
Q

This is the only appropriate unit for measuring the intensity of the “raw” x-ray beam emitted by the X-ray tube at a particular distance.

A

Roentgen

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17
Q

What does Rad stand for?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

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18
Q

What does Rem stand for?

A

Radiation Equivalent in Man

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19
Q

This is the unit for dose equivalent and true biological harm.

A

Rem

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20
Q

Roentgen measures what?

A

Exposure (surface) in ionizations in Air

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21
Q

Rad measures what?

A

Dose energy absorbed

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22
Q

Rem measures what?

A

Dose equivalent biological harm

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23
Q

The curie measures what?

A

Radioactivity in decays per second

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24
Q

1 Rad is equal to how much energy absorbed?

A

1r=100 ergs/gm of tissue

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25
This is the relative harmfulness of radiation compared to 250 kV X-rays.
Wr
26
This is the relative sensitivity of the exposed tissue compared to other tissue.
Wt
27
Which type of tissue is the most radiosensitive?
lymphocytes
28
Which type of tissue is the most radiation resistant?
Nervous tissue
29
What are the weighting factors for X-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles?
1
30
What is the weighting factor for protons?
2
31
What is the weighting factor for alpha particles?
20
32
The weighting factor for neutrons is based on what?
the amount of energy
33
What is the tissue weighting factor for cortical bone and skin?
.01
34
What is the tissue weighting factor for organs in general?
,05
35
What is the tissue weighting factor for bone marrow, colon, lung, and stomach?
.12
36
What is the tissue weighting factor for the gonads?
.20
37
1r is equal to how many neutrons?
10rem
38
1r is equal to how many alpha particles?
20 rem
39
Since the Rad is defined as 100 ergs/gm of tissue then it is independent of what?
Collimation
40
This is used in order to take into account the harm to an organism when a larger area of the body is exposed to radiation.
Dose Area Product (DAP)
41
What is the formula for DAP?
dose* field size area
42
This is a system international unit that directly measures the electrical charge in air.
Coulombs/kilogram
43
C/kg generates how much ionization?
6 billion billion in 1m^3
44
This is defined as 1 Joule of energy per kilogram of tissue.
Gray (Gy)
45
100 ergs is equal to how many joules?
1 hundred thousandth
46
This SI unit denotes energy absorbed in air.
Gya
47
This SI unit denotes energy absorbed in tissue.
Gyt
48
One Gy is equal to how many rads?
100
49
Which unit is larger, the gray or the rad?
Gray
50
This SI unit is used for dose equivalent.
Sievert
51
1 Sievert is equal to how many rems?
100Rem
52
Which is the larger unit sieverts or rems?
Sieverts
53
This is defined as one single decay event.
Becuerel (Bq)
54
How many Bq make up a curie?
37 billion
55
What is another name for classical scattering?
Coherent, Unmodified
56
Coherent interactions occur at what energy levels?
10keV or less
57
This type of interaction occurs at moderate keV ranges.
Photoelectric
58
Photoelectric effect is directly proportional to the 3rd power of what?
The atomic number
59
Photoelectric effect is inversely proportional to the 3rd power of what?
Photon energy
60
This causes patient dosage and is a major part of image formation. It is true absorption of radiation.
Photoelectric Effect
61
This process is when an incident photon removes an inner shell electron from its orbit then an outer shell electron drops down to the inner shell and the electron gives off its extra energy as in the form of secondary radiation.
Photoelectric
62
This happens at high keV ranges when outer shell electrons have a low binding energy.
Compton Effect
63
This is a major cause of film fog or misplaced information as well as a major radiation protection problem.
Comptons scatter
64
In this process a high energy incident photon interacts with an outer shell electron then glances off the outer shell electron and gives up energy to the electron to remove it from orbit.
Compton
65
The amount of energy given to the electron in compton is determined by what?
The angle of the interaction.
66
When the radiation changes direction during comp tom it is called what?
Scatter Radiation
67
This process is a major cause of operator exposure.
Compton
68
What are the 2 types of therapeutic radiation?
Pair Production | Photodisintergration
69
This interaction is when a photon bypasses all electrons in the atom and is influenced by the nucleus causing the photon to disappear and in its place 2 particle like electrons are formed-positron and negatron- they are electron like in their particle size. Consequent of the positron has the ability to interact with a negative electron when this occurs annihilation interaction occurs producing 2 photons each with .5 mEv of energy.
Pair Production
70
This interaction occurs with photon energies 10mEv or greater. Amount of energy in 10mev actually penetrates the nucleus and absorbs the energy causing excitation that then spits out a nuclear fragment. Energy of the fragment depends on the atomic number
Photodisintergration
71
What does DEL stand for?
Dose Equivalent Limits
72
Current DELs are based on the concept of what?
Effective Dose Equivalents
73
Effective Dose Equivalent is based on summing and weighting estimated effects on essential organs to arrive at what?
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
74
What are the 3 whole body dose limiting organs in which the TEDE is based on?
1. Gonads 2. Red Bone Marrow 3. Lens of the Eye
75
What are the 3 types of DELs?
1. Cumulative Lifetime Limit 2. Prospective Limit 3. Retrospective Limit
76
This type of DEL is designed for long term control and does not protect young workers well. It has the formula of 1rem*age.
Cumulative Lifetime Limit
77
This is a relative or average dose limit. It restricts dose at early ages and allows flexibility in older ages. "looking ahead"
Prospective Dose Limit (PDL)
78
What is the Prospective Dose limit?
5rem/year | 100mrem/week
79
This is used in some fields to provide further guidance on prospective limits. They provide an important reminder that radiation exposure should be more or less evenly distributed over time.
Retrospective Dose Equivalent Limit
80
What is the RDEL?
3 rem/quarter for nuclear power plant workers
81
What is the embyro/fetus limit for pregnant radiation workers?
a monthly limit that restricts the dose to .5reme for the entire gestational period.
82
What does GSD stand for?
Genetically Significant Dose
83
This is an averaged quantity to indicate how much genetic harm is being caused to the entire human population.
GSD
84
The GSD is a gonadal dose that if given to every individual would cause what?
The same genetic effects in the population as the existing distribution of radiation.
85
What is the approximate GSD?
20mrem/year
86
What procedure is the highest contributor to GSD?
Lumbar Spine- 20%

Rad Bio (5 decks)

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