Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Rad Bio > CH. 40 > Flashcards

CH. 40 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 main types of tissue in the human body?

A
  • Water 80%
  • Proteins 15%
  • Lipids 2%
  • Carbs 1%
  • Nucleic Acids 1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood in the body is made up of what?

A

Erythrocytes- 5 million

Leukocytes - 7500/mm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This type of cell generates tissues for specific organs.

A

-Blast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This type of cell is non-functional or “worn-out”

A

-Clast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This cell is much more sensitive to radiation than mature cells in produces due to its rapid reproduction rate.

A

any -blast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This type of cell is a “body” cell of regular organ tissues

A
  • soma, somatic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This type of cell is a reproduction or “beginning” cell.

A

-genesis, genetic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 types of genetic cells?

A
  1. sperm

2. ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 reproductive stages of a cell?

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This involved identical cell reproduction of somatic cells only.

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This is the cell reproductive interim/ vegetating stage.

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A
  1. G1- gap 1
  2. Synthesis- S
  3. G2- gap 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During this stage of interphase the cell is metabolically active duplicating organelles but not DNA. Chromatin fibers are organized into chromatids held together by centromere.

A

Gap 1 G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During this stage of interphase all genetic material doubles. Each DNA molecule is replicated into 2 identical daughter molecules. They are still held together by the centromere in a way that the 2 chromatid structures become 4.

A

Synthesis S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During this stage of interphase the cell growth continues and enzymes and proteins are formed in preparation for cell division. The cell now becomes ready to divide through mitosis.

A

Gap 2 G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What stage of interphase is the most sensitive time during a cells entire life cycle for exposure to radiation?

A

The very beginning of S-phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During this stage of mitosis the nucleus swells and the chromosomes plump while the nuclear envelope disappears.

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During this stage of mitosis the chromatin tightens and condenses while the nucleus elongates. The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cello and mitotic spindle fibers attaches to the centromeres of each chromosome.

A

Metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

During this stage of mitosis the double chromosomes are split and each complete set of new chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers to each end of the nucleus.

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

During this stage of mitosis the nuclear membrane is temporarily dissolved while new cell membrane forms through the middle of the cell mass dividing it into 2 new cells.

A

Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During which stage of mitosis does polarizing of 2 identical copies of genetic material occur?

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes become visible under a microscope?

A

Metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This is a map of chromosomes that is made during metaphase.

A

Karyotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most radiosensitive stage of mitosis?

A

Metaphase because the densely packed chromosomes are vulnerable to damage from ionizing interactions caused by X-ray which is visible microscopically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

This law states that cells which divide more and cells that are less highly differentiated tent to be more sensitive to radiation.

A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This is the most radiosensitive cell in the body.

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This is a graphing of the degree of a biological response to increasing doses of ionizing radiation.

A

Radiation Response Curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Radiation Response Curve graphs can have what 2 types of responses?

A
  1. The number of cases occurring within a population.

2. The severity of a particular effect on a single organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Radiation response curve graphs can be characterized in which 2 ways?

A
  1. Linear or non-linear

2. Threshold or non-threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does a linear graph show?

A

a proportional relationship between dose and response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does a non-linear graph show?

A

The rate of response changes at different levels of exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does threshold, non-threshold mean?

A

This is the point you are able to see the response. Non threshold shows no response point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Most somatic radiation effect follow which type of graph>

A

Sigmoid s-shaped non-linear curve with a toe, body, and shoulder portion. The slope of the body can be averaged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Most cancers and genetic effects of radiation follow which type of graph?

A

Linear non-threshold curve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

With no threshold there is no safe what?

A

There is no safe amount of exposure for which we can be certain the effect will not occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Our main concern at diagnostic radiology dose levels is for what?

A

Genetic and Carcinogenic effects to the general population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This amount of somatic damage from radiation is reparable by he bodies natural mechanisms.

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

These are certain molecules critical to the survival of the cell.

A

Target molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This is defined as unprepared, functional damage to a chromosome resulting in deactivation of a portion of the genetic code. It is not just a single ionizing event.

A

A “hit”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Two hits to a single critical molecule does not kill the cell but this will?

A

Deactivation of two critical molecules by a single hit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The higher the amount of radiation then the greater the what?

A

The greater the probability of multiple targets in a single entity meaning more hits causing lethality.

43
Q

The steeper the slope on a dose graph then what happens to the sensitivity level of the cells?

A

The sensitivity level of the cells is greater.

44
Q

Indirect hits consist of what?

A

The creation from water of chemical compounds which then attack the target molecule rendering it ineffective.

45
Q

Radiolysis of water is also called what?

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

Hydrolysis ionization causes the chemical breaking down of what into what 2 variations?

A
  1. Ions

2. Free Radicals

47
Q

If free radicals combine they form what?

A

H2O2= Hydrogen Peroxide which kills the cell

48
Q

The hydroxyl radical caused how much of all damage?

A

2/3rds of all damage

49
Q

Cell death can also occur from ionizing radiation damage breaching what?

A

The cell membrane

50
Q

The cell membrane is composed of what?

A

phospholipids- 1 phosphate and 2 lipids

51
Q

Irradiation of macromolecules causes what?

A

main- chain scission

52
Q

What is main chain scission?

A
  1. Breaks into smaller molecules

2. Decreased viscosity within the cell

53
Q

What is cross linking?

A
  1. Chain is attached at middle points.

2. Increased viscosity of the cell.

54
Q

What is point lesions?

A

Cellular damage resulting from late effects of radiation effects.

55
Q

Studies of changes to DNA/RNA are done in which 2 ways?

A
  1. In-vitro- “in glass” test tube or on microscope slide

2. In- vivo- “in life” living cells in organism or petri dish

56
Q

This is a break in the sugar phosphate “rails” molecule structure.

A

Main Chain Scission

57
Q

What are the two broad types of damage to DNA?

A

Main Chain Scission

Rung Damage

58
Q

This is a break in the nitrogenous base pairs that make “rungs”.

A

Rung Damage

59
Q

These are changes in the actual sequence of the genetic code and are of greatest concern causing permanent damage.

A

Frame Shift Mutations

60
Q

This type of main chain scission can be repaired quickly and easily and usually are such that the rail at this point is chemically reattached with the correct molecule.

A

Single-strand break

61
Q

This can occur when large alpha particles plow through the region or when by chance a scattered x-ray from the original break strikes the second rail of the DNA structure. The odds of reattachment are slim and are irreparable.

A

Double-Strand Break

62
Q

Double- strand break can result in this causing permanent damage.

A

Frame Shift Mutation

63
Q

This results in point mutation.

A

Single-Strand Breaks

64
Q

This is very rare from a scattered x-ray and is typically from a direct effect of radiation.

A

Double-strand Break

65
Q

This is separation of the 2 base molecules and are easily reparable since they are held in place by the rails and can re-attach.

A

Rung Damage

66
Q

Loss or change of base is irreparable and replacement by a similar molecule still results in a change of genetic code or this.

A

Frame Shift Mutations

67
Q

This is any unrepaired change to the genetic code. none are unique to radiation and most are recessive in hereditary.

A

Mutations

68
Q

Mutations follow what type of rate change? What does this mean? What type of increase is this?

A

Linear Non-threshold curve

  • This states that any amount of radiation no matter how small may cause genetic mutation.
  • Proportional increase
69
Q

What are the three single hit effects of visible chromosome aberrations?

A
  1. Acentric (isochromatid) fragments
  2. Dicentric Chromosomes
  3. Translocations
70
Q

This is a “map” of chromosomes organizing longest to shortest taken during metaphase. Structural damage to chromosomes from radiation “hits” can be visible during metaphase.

A

Karyotype

71
Q

This results in an arise from a single chromosome being broken in two locations.

A

Multi-hit Effects

72
Q

In addition to translocations, a centric and dicentric fragments, can cause what?

A
  1. Deletions
  2. Rings
  3. Cross- Linking - Inversions and multi radius configurations
73
Q

What is LET?

A

Linear Energy Transfer

74
Q

This is the amount of energy deposited in tissue per unit length of the radiations travel and is one indicator of how harmful or how effective a particular type of radiation is.

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

75
Q

LET measures what?

A

energy deposited per mm or per micrometer as the radiation penetrates into the body

76
Q

LET is an indicator of what? Always inverse to what?

A
  • Indicator of how harmful the radiation is.

- Always inverse to penetration.

77
Q

What is the most appropriate LET unit for diagnostic x-rays?

A

Kilovolts per micron

78
Q

With higher LET the damage to tissue is more what?

A

Concentrated

79
Q

This is the effectiveness of a certain type of radiation in causing a specified effect or disease.

A

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)

80
Q

What does RBE stand for?

A

Relative Biological Effectiveness

81
Q

What is the RBE formula?

A

dose of 250 kvp x-rays required/dose of radiation z required

82
Q

What is the RBEs for the following:

  1. Diagnostic X-ray
  2. 10 MeV protons
  3. 5 MeV alpha particles
  4. Heavy Recoil nuclei (particle accelerators)
A
  1. 1
  2. 5
  3. 20
  4. 30
83
Q

This is the rate at which radiation is delivered to cells or tissues and is directly related to the effect on the organism.

A

Dose Rate

84
Q

____ exposure to deleterious substances or effect is always more harmful to the organism than ___ exposure. (dose rate)

A

Acute: Chronic

85
Q

This is the amplifying effect of oxygen to the damage cause by radiation exposure. It is specifically defined as the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biological effect without additional oxygen present to the dose required with added oxygen.

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER)

86
Q

What does OER stand for?

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

87
Q

This is dose that is delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate it is said to be what?

A

Protracted

88
Q

This refers to extending the time over which a particular dose of radiation is delivered.

A

Protraction of dose

89
Q

Protraction of Dose does what to dose rate and effectiveness of dose?

A

Reduces it

90
Q

OER applies to only what type of damage indirect or direct?

A

Indirect

91
Q

The lower the LET radiation the ____ the OER.

A

Higher

92
Q

Higher LET radiations are more likely to cause direct or indirect damage to target molecules?

A

Direct

93
Q

This is breaking the total delivered dose into several separated or discrete portions, allowing time periods between each exposure allowing tissue to recover.

A

Fractionation

94
Q

Fractionation is the basis for what?

A

Radiation Therapy

95
Q

Fractionation reduces effectiveness of the radiation in what 2 ways?

A
  1. extend delivery time effectively protracting the dose.

2. separation of dose into discrete treatments.

96
Q

The reduced effectiveness of he radiation caused by fractionation can be compensated in which way?

A

By increasing the total dose.

97
Q

What are the 3 biological factors that effect sensitivity?

A
  1. Age of Organism
  2. Gender
  3. Chemical Agents
98
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical agents and examples of each that cause radio sensitivity?

A
  1. Radiosensitizers- Vit K, pyrimidines, methotrexate= x2

2. Radioprotectors- sulfhydrilis= too toxic for human use

99
Q

Which gender is more resilient to radiation?

A

Women and the reasons are unknown.

100
Q

What ages result in higher radio sensitivity?

A
  1. Extremely old- due to degenerative processes

2. Extremely young- due to law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

101
Q

Highly- penetrating radiations are predominantly associated with?

A
  1. Low LET and RBE
  2. Indirect Effect
  3. Oxygen Enhancement
  4. Single strand breaks
  5. Sublethal, reparable chromosome damage
  6. Point Mutations
102
Q

Low- penetrating radiation are predominantly associated with?

A
  1. High LET and RBE
  2. Direct Effect
  3. Double Strand breaks
  4. Lethal irreparable chromosome damage
  5. Frameshift Mutations
103
Q

This is the theory that very small amounts of radiation may actually produce health benefits by stimulating vitamin D production and other chemical reactions that are beneficial to cell viability.

A

Radiation Hormesis

Rad Bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions