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CH. 41 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the study of disease in a population with little control over variables. Large populations are required for statistical reliability.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Long time periods of tracking are difficult for what?

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

This is projecting unknown results from known data based on assumptions that conditions and responses above or below the know data will be consistent with known data.

A

Extrapolation

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4
Q

DIrect experimentation occurs in labs and the benefits of this type of experimentation are what?

A
  1. tight control over variables

2. control groups for comparisons increase validity as to cause and effect.

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of direct experimentation?

A
  1. animal results cannot always be validly applied to humans.
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of risk?

A
  1. Absolute Risk
  2. Relative Risk
  3. Excessive Risk
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7
Q

This is the raw number of cases of a particular disease or condition. Expressed as the number of cases per million per year.

A

Absolute Risk

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8
Q

This is a ratio of the number of cases occurring in a population exposed to radiation to the number of cases occurring in a control population of identical size. Always given in ratio form.

A

Relative Risk

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9
Q

This is the number of cases beyond the normal occurrence expected in a particular group of people.

A

Excess Risk

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10
Q

This is an increase in severity with increasing dose above a threshold curve due to an increased number of cells damaged. Also called nonstochastic.

A

Deterministic Effects

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11
Q

Deterministic Effects follow which type of response?

A

non-linear threshold

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12
Q

When do deterministic effects occur?

A

Only after large doses such as radiation therapy possible in c-arm fluoro and angiography

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13
Q

What are some examples of early effects from radiation therapy from deterministic effects?

A
  • Erythema
  • Epilation
  • Fibrosis
  • Atrophy
  • Sterility and decreased gamete
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14
Q

This is the increase in probability with increasing dose while severity is independent of dose level causing an “all or nothing “ response. This is usually random and measured statistically within a population.

A

Stochastic Effects

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15
Q

Stochastic Effects may occur at what dose levels?

A

Low dose levels such as diagnostic radiography

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16
Q

Stochastic Effects follow what type of response curve?

A

Linear non threshold

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17
Q

What are common late effects of radiation from stochastic effect?

A
  • carcinogenic

- genetic/hereditary effects

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18
Q

Both diagnostic radiography and radiation therapy are generally limited to specific portions of the body by what?

A

Beam Collimation

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19
Q

Stochastic effects can be thought also as what?

A

Statistical effects

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20
Q

Stochastic effects take how long to manifest?

A

Months or years

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21
Q

Deterministic stems from the fact that these effects are certain to occur to whom?

A

Exposed Individuals

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22
Q

What is the threshold dose for decreased blood cell counts in whole body early effects?

A

25rem

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23
Q

What is the threshold dose for 50% loss of lymphocytes in whole body early effects?

A

50rem

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24
Q

What is the threshold dose for human death in whole body early effects?

A

100rem

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25
What is the threshold dose for Human LD 50/30 in whole body early effects?
350-400rem
26
What is the threshold dose for lethal dose for the human population in whole body early effects?
600-700rem
27
What is the partial body early effect threshold dose for chromosome aberrations?
5 rem
28
What is the partial body early effects of erythema threshold dose?
200rem
29
What is the partial body early effects of epilation threshold dose?
300rem
30
What is the lowest radiation dose resulting in any measurable biological effect which can cause visible chromosome aberrations.
5rem
31
This is expressed as LD x/y where x is the percentage of the population that will die and y is the number of days over which this is measured.
Lethal Doses
32
Lethal doses follow which type of response curve for human death from acute radiation exposure?
non linear threshold
33
This is defined as a series of event stages of radiation that may lead to death.
Acute Radiation Syndrome
34
Humans subjected to high amounts of whole body radiation not exceeding 100rad may experience this.
NVD syndrome
35
What are the 4 disease stages for ARS?
1. Prodromal Stage 2. Latent Stage 3. Manifest illness stage 4. Death or Recovery
36
This is the first stage of ARS which shows the early signs of sickness including nausea vomitting and diarrhea and can last up to 2 days.
Prodromal Stage
37
This is the second stage of ARS where the victims symptoms from the prodromal stage subside and the victim often feels a false sense of recovery for a few days.
Latent
38
After the latent stage of ARS prodromal symptoms return full force along with additional life threatening symptoms. This is what stage?
Manifest Illness
39
Following the manifest illness stage of ARS there are what 2 possible outcomes for the victim?
Death or Recovery with death more than likely occuring
40
The duration of each stage of ARS is inversely proportional to what?
The amount of radiation received | - the higher the dose, the shorter the time period for each stage
41
ARS can be divided into what 3 sub syndromes?
1. Hematopoitic Syndrome 2. Gastrointestinal Syndrome 3. Central Nervous System Syndrome
42
This is damage to the bone arrow being the primary cause of death with ARS. The victim has a depression in red, white , and platelet counts. Death occurs in 10-60 days.
Hematopoietic Syndrome
43
This is characterized primarily by damage to the small intestine. There is irreparable desquamation of the GI lining resulting in poor absorption of water and nutrients. Death occurs in 4-10 days.
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
44
Death occurs primarily from acute damage to the brain from damaged blood vessels causing fatal cranial edema along with neural damage. Death occurs within hours to 3 days.
CNS Syndrome
45
This occurs from en-utero exposure to a developing embyro or fetus.
Teratongenic Effects
46
Teratogenic effects follow which type of response curve?
Non-Linear, Threshold Response Curve
47
What are the 4 effects dependent upon the stage of development that the embyro/fetus is in at the time of exposure?
1. Spontaneous Abortion 2. Congenital Abnormalities 3. Mental Retardation 4. Latent Carcinogenic Effects
48
The only radiation risk to the developing blastula and very early embyro during this initial period is for spontaneous abortion in which the embyro is reabsorbed occurs in which time frame?
0-2 weeks gestation
49
This is an all or nothing phenomenon with a low stochastic effect.
Spontaneous Abortion
50
Organogenesis Period is what weeks of gestation?
2-8 Weeks
51
During this period of gestation tissues are differentiating into identifiable organs. The main risk of radiation during this period is congenital abnormalities.
Organogenesis Period
52
What is the normal incidence of congenital deformities?
6%
53
Large exposures to radiation increase the rate of congenital abnormalities to what %?
7%
54
Skeletal structure defects occur at what gestation period? What type of effect is this?
2-5 weeks; early effect
55
Neurological deformities can occur at what gestation period? What type of effect is this?
6-8 weeks; late effect
56
During what weeks of gestation does the developing fetus become clear of risk for morphological deformities?
8-12 weeks
57
What is the normal risk for mental retardation? What if there is a high dose of radiation?
6% | 6.5%
58
What is the most sensitive trimester for potential radiation harm?
First Trimester
59
What are the relative risk factors for developing leukemia for each of the 3 trimesters?
1st- 8.3x's 2nd- 1.5x's 3rd- 1.4x's
60
NCRP reports state that during the 1st trimester for exposures of <1rad there is?
Little evidence of injury
61
NCRP reports state that during the 1st trimester for exposures of 5 rad there is?
There are detectable abnormalities in the central nervous system, congenital malformations, and increased evidence of tumors.
62
NCRP reports state that during the 1st trimester for exposures of 50 rad there is?
There is a decrease in head size and stature, and a fivefold increase in mental retardation.
63
For the first __ weeks of gestation the embryo is about 10 times for sensitive to radiation than an adult.
8 weeks
64
What is the main risk that peaks after 3 months gestation?
Latent Carcinogenesis
65
Which type of latent carcinogen is of special concern?
Adolescent Leukemia
66
At mid gestation the fetus receives how much of the mothers ESE?
1/3
67
This is an effect from gamete exposure prior to fertilization.
Mutagenic Effect
68
For exposures in excess of 10rad to the gonads it is prudent to "delay procreation" by how long for females? Males?
Females- a few days | Males- 60 days
69
This is the amount of radiation exposure which given to a population would double the spontaneous mutation rate.
Doubling Dose
70
What is the threshold dose for doubling dose for humans?
50-250 rads
71
What is the threshold dose for cataracts for a single exposure? Over time?
200 rads | 1000 rads
72
What is the latent period for cataracts?
15 years
73
What is the general risk of getting some form of cancer in a lifetime? High or Low?
33%- High
74
Atomic bomb survivors were at increased risk of what?
Lung cancer
75
Skin cancer has a latent period of what?
5-10 years
76
What type of response curve is skin cancer?
Linear-Threshold
77
Women who painted glow in the dark watch and meter dials with radium sulfate would later develop what?
Bone Cancer
78
What is the limits of radiation dose for mammograms?
.1-.3rad per view | .4-1.2rad per exam

Rad Bio (5 decks)

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