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P1 > COMPOUNDING LAB FINAL > Flashcards

COMPOUNDING LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Capsules

A

Solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed within a shell of gelatin

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2
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsules

A
  • Most commercially available
  • Stable in dry air
  • Soluble in hot water and in warm gastric fluid
  • Can lose shape in high humidity
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3
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsule Shells

A

-Capsule body and shorter cap

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4
Q

Capsule Size

A
  • Range from 000(largest) to 5(smallest)

- 00 is largest for human oral use

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5
Q

Selection of Capsule Size

A
  • Required quantity of powder

- Include diluent or filler (lactose, etc)

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6
Q

Rule of Sixes

A
  • Set up 6s
  • List cap size
  • Subtract values (step 2 - step 1) to determine average
  • Convert grain to grams
  • Determine fill volume in mL
  • Calculate and list the average cap fill density (step 4/step5)
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7
Q

Rule of Seven

A
  • Convert cap weight to grains
  • Subtract grains from 7
  • Match with list provided
  • Method doesn’t work if number is higher than +5 or lower than -3
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8
Q

How many grams in a grain?

A

0.065g

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9
Q

Filling Hard Capsules

A
  • Punch method
  • Potent drugs should be weighed
  • Granular material may be poured
  • Machine fill
  • Polish with clean cloth
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10
Q

Soft Gelatin Capsules

A
  • Contain more moisture
  • Used for liquids, suspensions, etc
  • Easily swallowed
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11
Q

Capsule Content Uniformity

A
  • Should be (+-)5%

- Weigh with double-pan torsion balance or electronic balance

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12
Q

Capsule Percent Error

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

-Total powder actual weight

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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13
Q

Inspecting Capsules

A
  • Small batches a counting tray works (Clean tray after use)

- Large automated machines

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14
Q

Tablets

A
  • Solid dosage forms prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients
  • Primarily prepared by compression
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15
Q

Tablet Types

A
  • Compressed Tablets
  • Multiple compressed tablets
  • Sugar-coated tablets
  • Film-coated tablets
  • Gelatin-coated tablets
  • Enteric-coated tablets
  • Buccal/Sublingual tablets
  • Chewable tablets
  • Effervescent tablets
  • Tablet triturates
  • Immediate release tablets
  • Instant disintegrating tablets
  • Extended release tablets
  • Vaginal tablets
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16
Q

Tablet Hardness

A
  • Friability (tendency to crumble)

- Disintegration(must occur before full medicinal absorption)

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17
Q

Lozenges

A

Solid preparations which are intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in mouth

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18
Q

Lozenge Uses

A
  • Sooth throat
  • Topical anesthetics
  • Deliver antibacterial agents
  • Ideal for pediatric/geriatric unable to swallow
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19
Q

Troches

A

A compressed lozenge

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20
Q

Lozenge Types

A
  • Hard lozenges (lollipops)
  • Soft lozenges (chocolate)
  • Chewable gummy lozenges
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21
Q

Compressed Tablets

A

In addition to medicinal agents they may contain fillers, disintegrating agents, lubricants, etc

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22
Q

Film-Coated Tablets

A
  • Coated with a thin layer of polymer

- More durable and less bulky than sugar-coated

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23
Q

Gelatin-Coated Tablets

A
  • aka Gelcaps
  • Capsule shaped compressed tablet
  • 1/3 smaller than normal capsule
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24
Q

Enteric-Coated Tablets

A

Have delayed release features and are designed to pass unchanged in stomach

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25
Q

Effervescent Tablets

A

-Prepared by compressing granular effervescent salts that release gas when in contact with water

26
Q

Tablet Triturates

A

-Small compressed tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs

27
Q

Transdermal Drug Delivery

A

-Facilitates the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation

28
Q

Percutaneous Absorption Factors

A
  • Drug concentration
  • Larger surface area = more drug absorbed
  • Ideal molecular weight is 400 or less
  • Hydration of skin favors percutaneous absorption
  • Longer left on skin = more total drug absorbed
29
Q

Percutaneous Absorption Enhancers

A
  • Chemical enhancers

- Iontophoresis and Sonophoresis

30
Q

Chemical skin penetration enhancer

A

-Increases skin permeability by reversibly damaging or by altering the physiochemical nature of the stratum corneum

31
Q

Chemical Penetration Enhancers

A
  • Acetone
  • DMSO
  • Ethanol
  • Oleic Acid
  • Polyethylene Glycol
  • Propylene Glycol
  • Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
32
Q

Iontophoresis

A

-Delivery of charged chemical compounds across the skin membrane using an applied electrical field (lidocain, dexomethasone, etc)

33
Q

Sonophoresis

A

High-frequency ultrasound (Hydrocortisone, lidocaine)

34
Q

Transdermal Monolithic Systems

A
  • Incorporate drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers
  • A reserve assures the continued drug saturation
35
Q

Transdermal Membrane-Controlled Systems

A
  • Designed to contain a drug reservoir or “pouch” (usually liq. or gel form)
  • As long as drug is saturated in reservoir, release rate of drug is constant (advantage over monolithic)
36
Q

Transdermal Design Objectives

A
  • Deliver drug at optimal rate
  • Contain necessary medicinal agents to release into stratum corneum
  • Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux
  • Have therapeutic advantage over other forms
  • Have components as adhesive, vehicle, and active agent
  • Adhere well to skin
37
Q

Transdermal Advantages

A
  • Avoid GI absorption
  • Substitute oral administration
  • Avoid first-pass effect
  • Noninvasive
  • Provide extended therapy
  • Drugs with short half-lives have extended activity due to reservoirs
  • Therapy can be rapidly terminated by removing patch
  • Ease of rapid identification in emergency
38
Q

Transdermal Disadvantage

A
  • Only relatively potent drugs

- Patients may develop dermatitis at application site

39
Q

Transdermal Examples

A
  • Scopolamine
  • Clonidine
  • Nicotine
  • Estradiol
  • Testosterone
40
Q

Transdermal Considerations

A
  • Absorption may vary to application site
  • Be applied to clean area
  • No skin lotion at application site
  • Should not be cut
  • Remove from package carefully not to tear
  • Placed at site to not be rubbed off by clothing
  • Cleanse hands before applying
  • Reevaluate if skin irritation results
  • Upon removal, fold so adhesives stick together to stop reuse
41
Q

Suppositories

A

Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt

42
Q

Types of Suppository Action

A
  • Local Action

- Systemic Action

43
Q

Rectal Suppository Factors

A

-Dose administered may be greater than or less than same drug dose orally

44
Q

Rectal Suppository Physiological Factors

A
  • Colonic content
  • Diarrhea, colonic obstruction due to tumorous growths
  • Lower hemorrhoidal veins
45
Q

Rectal Suppository Physicochemical Factors

A
  • Water soluble bases release both water and oil soluble drugs (Polyethylene glycols)
  • Particle size
  • Base interaction with drug inhibiting release
46
Q

Fatty/Oligeaginous Suppository Bases

A
  • Most frequently used
  • Cocoa butter, fattibase, etc
  • Cocoa butter melts between 30-36 degrees celsius. Just below body temp
47
Q

Water-soluble Suppository Bases

A
  • Glycerinated gelatin base most frequently used for prolonged localized action
  • Slower to soften
  • Usually used for urethral suppositories
  • Do not melt at body temp, they dissolve in body fluids
48
Q

Rectal Suppository Examples

A
  • Bisacodyl
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Hydrocortisone
  • Hydromorphone
  • Indomethacin
  • Mesalamine
  • Oxymorphone
  • Promethazine
  • Prochlorperazine
49
Q

Vaginal Suppository Examples

A
  • Sulfanilamide
  • Miconazole
  • Clotrimazole
  • Nonoxynol-9
  • Sulfathizole
  • Terconazole
50
Q

Suppository Storage

A
  • Indicated on manufacturers label
  • Compounded supp. should be generally stored in a cool place, refrigeration is best, but avoid freezing
  • Warm to room temperature before inserting
51
Q

Biotechnology

A

-Any technique that uses living organisms in the production of modification of products

52
Q

Biotechnology can be obtained from?

A
  • Recombinant DNA
  • Tissue culture
  • Living cells
  • Cell enzymes
53
Q

Recombinant DNA(rDNA)

A
  • Allows the removal of a specific piece of DNA out of a larger, complex molecule
  • Fragments of bacteria combined with fragments from humans, and viruses
54
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

-Produced as a result of perpetuating the expression of a singly B-lymphocyte

55
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

-Biotechnological process where there is substantial amplification of a target nucleic acid sequence

56
Q

Gene Therapy

A

-Exogenous genetic material is transferred into somatic cells to correct an inherited or acquired gene defect

57
Q

Nucleotide Blockade/Antisense

A
  • Function of specific proteins and intracellular expression.
  • Antisense drugs recognize and bind to the nucleotide sense sequence of specific mRNA molecules
58
Q

Peptide Technology

A

Can serve as either protein receptor agonists or antagonists

59
Q

Recombinant DNA Products

A
  • Lepirudin
  • Efavirenz
  • Recombinant AHF
  • Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  • Fligrastim
  • Sargramostim
  • Epogen, Procrit
  • Regranex
  • Somatrem
  • Interferon beta-1b
  • Aldesleukin
  • Recombinant Alteplase
60
Q

Antisense Products

A

-Fomivirsen

61
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A
  • Muromonab-CD3
  • Satumomab Pendetide
  • Rituximab
  • Trastuzumab
  • Palivizumab
  • Daclizumab
  • Basiliximab
62
Q

Handling Biotechnology Products

A

Specific Instructions

  • Some are fragile chemically (shaking, too cold, etc can ruin some products)
  • Carefully read package insert for cautionary statements

P1 (12 decks)

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