COMPOUNDING LAB FINAL Flashcards
Capsules
Solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed within a shell of gelatin
Hard Gelatin Capsules
- Most commercially available
- Stable in dry air
- Soluble in hot water and in warm gastric fluid
- Can lose shape in high humidity
Hard Gelatin Capsule Shells
-Capsule body and shorter cap
Capsule Size
- Range from 000(largest) to 5(smallest)
- 00 is largest for human oral use
Selection of Capsule Size
- Required quantity of powder
- Include diluent or filler (lactose, etc)
Rule of Sixes
- Set up 6s
- List cap size
- Subtract values (step 2 - step 1) to determine average
- Convert grain to grams
- Determine fill volume in mL
- Calculate and list the average cap fill density (step 4/step5)
Rule of Seven
- Convert cap weight to grains
- Subtract grains from 7
- Match with list provided
- Method doesn’t work if number is higher than +5 or lower than -3
How many grams in a grain?
0.065g
Filling Hard Capsules
- Punch method
- Potent drugs should be weighed
- Granular material may be poured
- Machine fill
- Polish with clean cloth
Soft Gelatin Capsules
- Contain more moisture
- Used for liquids, suspensions, etc
- Easily swallowed
Capsule Content Uniformity
- Should be (+-)5%
- Weigh with double-pan torsion balance or electronic balance
Capsule Percent Error
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-Total powder actual weight
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Inspecting Capsules
- Small batches a counting tray works (Clean tray after use)
- Large automated machines
Tablets
- Solid dosage forms prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients
- Primarily prepared by compression
Tablet Types
- Compressed Tablets
- Multiple compressed tablets
- Sugar-coated tablets
- Film-coated tablets
- Gelatin-coated tablets
- Enteric-coated tablets
- Buccal/Sublingual tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Effervescent tablets
- Tablet triturates
- Immediate release tablets
- Instant disintegrating tablets
- Extended release tablets
- Vaginal tablets
Tablet Hardness
- Friability (tendency to crumble)
- Disintegration(must occur before full medicinal absorption)
Lozenges
Solid preparations which are intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in mouth
Lozenge Uses
- Sooth throat
- Topical anesthetics
- Deliver antibacterial agents
- Ideal for pediatric/geriatric unable to swallow
Troches
A compressed lozenge
Lozenge Types
- Hard lozenges (lollipops)
- Soft lozenges (chocolate)
- Chewable gummy lozenges
Compressed Tablets
In addition to medicinal agents they may contain fillers, disintegrating agents, lubricants, etc
Film-Coated Tablets
- Coated with a thin layer of polymer
- More durable and less bulky than sugar-coated
Gelatin-Coated Tablets
- aka Gelcaps
- Capsule shaped compressed tablet
- 1/3 smaller than normal capsule
Enteric-Coated Tablets
Have delayed release features and are designed to pass unchanged in stomach
Effervescent Tablets
-Prepared by compressing granular effervescent salts that release gas when in contact with water
Tablet Triturates
-Small compressed tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs
Transdermal Drug Delivery
-Facilitates the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation
Percutaneous Absorption Factors
- Drug concentration
- Larger surface area = more drug absorbed
- Ideal molecular weight is 400 or less
- Hydration of skin favors percutaneous absorption
- Longer left on skin = more total drug absorbed
Percutaneous Absorption Enhancers
- Chemical enhancers
- Iontophoresis and Sonophoresis
Chemical skin penetration enhancer
-Increases skin permeability by reversibly damaging or by altering the physiochemical nature of the stratum corneum
Chemical Penetration Enhancers
- Acetone
- DMSO
- Ethanol
- Oleic Acid
- Polyethylene Glycol
- Propylene Glycol
- Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Iontophoresis
-Delivery of charged chemical compounds across the skin membrane using an applied electrical field (lidocain, dexomethasone, etc)
Sonophoresis
High-frequency ultrasound (Hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
Transdermal Monolithic Systems
- Incorporate drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers
- A reserve assures the continued drug saturation
Transdermal Membrane-Controlled Systems
- Designed to contain a drug reservoir or “pouch” (usually liq. or gel form)
- As long as drug is saturated in reservoir, release rate of drug is constant (advantage over monolithic)
Transdermal Design Objectives
- Deliver drug at optimal rate
- Contain necessary medicinal agents to release into stratum corneum
- Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux
- Have therapeutic advantage over other forms
- Have components as adhesive, vehicle, and active agent
- Adhere well to skin
Transdermal Advantages
- Avoid GI absorption
- Substitute oral administration
- Avoid first-pass effect
- Noninvasive
- Provide extended therapy
- Drugs with short half-lives have extended activity due to reservoirs
- Therapy can be rapidly terminated by removing patch
- Ease of rapid identification in emergency
Transdermal Disadvantage
- Only relatively potent drugs
- Patients may develop dermatitis at application site
Transdermal Examples
- Scopolamine
- Clonidine
- Nicotine
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
Transdermal Considerations
- Absorption may vary to application site
- Be applied to clean area
- No skin lotion at application site
- Should not be cut
- Remove from package carefully not to tear
- Placed at site to not be rubbed off by clothing
- Cleanse hands before applying
- Reevaluate if skin irritation results
- Upon removal, fold so adhesives stick together to stop reuse
Suppositories
Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt
Types of Suppository Action
- Local Action
- Systemic Action
Rectal Suppository Factors
-Dose administered may be greater than or less than same drug dose orally
Rectal Suppository Physiological Factors
- Colonic content
- Diarrhea, colonic obstruction due to tumorous growths
- Lower hemorrhoidal veins
Rectal Suppository Physicochemical Factors
- Water soluble bases release both water and oil soluble drugs (Polyethylene glycols)
- Particle size
- Base interaction with drug inhibiting release
Fatty/Oligeaginous Suppository Bases
- Most frequently used
- Cocoa butter, fattibase, etc
- Cocoa butter melts between 30-36 degrees celsius. Just below body temp
Water-soluble Suppository Bases
- Glycerinated gelatin base most frequently used for prolonged localized action
- Slower to soften
- Usually used for urethral suppositories
- Do not melt at body temp, they dissolve in body fluids
Rectal Suppository Examples
- Bisacodyl
- Chlorpromazine
- Hydrocortisone
- Hydromorphone
- Indomethacin
- Mesalamine
- Oxymorphone
- Promethazine
- Prochlorperazine
Vaginal Suppository Examples
- Sulfanilamide
- Miconazole
- Clotrimazole
- Nonoxynol-9
- Sulfathizole
- Terconazole
Suppository Storage
- Indicated on manufacturers label
- Compounded supp. should be generally stored in a cool place, refrigeration is best, but avoid freezing
- Warm to room temperature before inserting
Biotechnology
-Any technique that uses living organisms in the production of modification of products
Biotechnology can be obtained from?
- Recombinant DNA
- Tissue culture
- Living cells
- Cell enzymes
Recombinant DNA(rDNA)
- Allows the removal of a specific piece of DNA out of a larger, complex molecule
- Fragments of bacteria combined with fragments from humans, and viruses
Monoclonal Antibodies
-Produced as a result of perpetuating the expression of a singly B-lymphocyte
Polymerase Chain Reaction
-Biotechnological process where there is substantial amplification of a target nucleic acid sequence
Gene Therapy
-Exogenous genetic material is transferred into somatic cells to correct an inherited or acquired gene defect
Nucleotide Blockade/Antisense
- Function of specific proteins and intracellular expression.
- Antisense drugs recognize and bind to the nucleotide sense sequence of specific mRNA molecules
Peptide Technology
Can serve as either protein receptor agonists or antagonists
Recombinant DNA Products
- Lepirudin
- Efavirenz
- Recombinant AHF
- Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
- Fligrastim
- Sargramostim
- Epogen, Procrit
- Regranex
- Somatrem
- Interferon beta-1b
- Aldesleukin
- Recombinant Alteplase
Antisense Products
-Fomivirsen
Monoclonal Antibodies
- Muromonab-CD3
- Satumomab Pendetide
- Rituximab
- Trastuzumab
- Palivizumab
- Daclizumab
- Basiliximab
Handling Biotechnology Products
Specific Instructions
- Some are fragile chemically (shaking, too cold, etc can ruin some products)
- Carefully read package insert for cautionary statements
