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COMPOUNDING LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Capsules

A

Solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed within a shell of gelatin

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2
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsules

A
  • Most commercially available
  • Stable in dry air
  • Soluble in hot water and in warm gastric fluid
  • Can lose shape in high humidity
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3
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsule Shells

A

-Capsule body and shorter cap

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4
Q

Capsule Size

A
  • Range from 000(largest) to 5(smallest)

- 00 is largest for human oral use

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5
Q

Selection of Capsule Size

A
  • Required quantity of powder

- Include diluent or filler (lactose, etc)

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6
Q

Rule of Sixes

A
  • Set up 6s
  • List cap size
  • Subtract values (step 2 - step 1) to determine average
  • Convert grain to grams
  • Determine fill volume in mL
  • Calculate and list the average cap fill density (step 4/step5)
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7
Q

Rule of Seven

A
  • Convert cap weight to grains
  • Subtract grains from 7
  • Match with list provided
  • Method doesn’t work if number is higher than +5 or lower than -3
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8
Q

How many grams in a grain?

A

0.065g

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9
Q

Filling Hard Capsules

A
  • Punch method
  • Potent drugs should be weighed
  • Granular material may be poured
  • Machine fill
  • Polish with clean cloth
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10
Q

Soft Gelatin Capsules

A
  • Contain more moisture
  • Used for liquids, suspensions, etc
  • Easily swallowed
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11
Q

Capsule Content Uniformity

A
  • Should be (+-)5%

- Weigh with double-pan torsion balance or electronic balance

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12
Q

Capsule Percent Error

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

-Total powder actual weight

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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13
Q

Inspecting Capsules

A
  • Small batches a counting tray works (Clean tray after use)

- Large automated machines

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14
Q

Tablets

A
  • Solid dosage forms prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients
  • Primarily prepared by compression
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15
Q

Tablet Types

A
  • Compressed Tablets
  • Multiple compressed tablets
  • Sugar-coated tablets
  • Film-coated tablets
  • Gelatin-coated tablets
  • Enteric-coated tablets
  • Buccal/Sublingual tablets
  • Chewable tablets
  • Effervescent tablets
  • Tablet triturates
  • Immediate release tablets
  • Instant disintegrating tablets
  • Extended release tablets
  • Vaginal tablets
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16
Q

Tablet Hardness

A
  • Friability (tendency to crumble)

- Disintegration(must occur before full medicinal absorption)

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17
Q

Lozenges

A

Solid preparations which are intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in mouth

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18
Q

Lozenge Uses

A
  • Sooth throat
  • Topical anesthetics
  • Deliver antibacterial agents
  • Ideal for pediatric/geriatric unable to swallow
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19
Q

Troches

A

A compressed lozenge

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20
Q

Lozenge Types

A
  • Hard lozenges (lollipops)
  • Soft lozenges (chocolate)
  • Chewable gummy lozenges
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21
Q

Compressed Tablets

A

In addition to medicinal agents they may contain fillers, disintegrating agents, lubricants, etc

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22
Q

Film-Coated Tablets

A
  • Coated with a thin layer of polymer

- More durable and less bulky than sugar-coated

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23
Q

Gelatin-Coated Tablets

A
  • aka Gelcaps
  • Capsule shaped compressed tablet
  • 1/3 smaller than normal capsule
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24
Q

Enteric-Coated Tablets

A

Have delayed release features and are designed to pass unchanged in stomach

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25
Effervescent Tablets
-Prepared by compressing granular effervescent salts that release gas when in contact with water
26
Tablet Triturates
-Small compressed tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs
27
Transdermal Drug Delivery
-Facilitates the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation
28
Percutaneous Absorption Factors
- Drug concentration - Larger surface area = more drug absorbed - Ideal molecular weight is 400 or less - Hydration of skin favors percutaneous absorption - Longer left on skin = more total drug absorbed
29
Percutaneous Absorption Enhancers
- Chemical enhancers | - Iontophoresis and Sonophoresis
30
Chemical skin penetration enhancer
-Increases skin permeability by reversibly damaging or by altering the physiochemical nature of the stratum corneum
31
Chemical Penetration Enhancers
- Acetone - DMSO - Ethanol - Oleic Acid - Polyethylene Glycol - Propylene Glycol - Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
32
Iontophoresis
-Delivery of charged chemical compounds across the skin membrane using an applied electrical field (lidocain, dexomethasone, etc)
33
Sonophoresis
High-frequency ultrasound (Hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
34
Transdermal Monolithic Systems
- Incorporate drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers - A reserve assures the continued drug saturation
35
Transdermal Membrane-Controlled Systems
- Designed to contain a drug reservoir or "pouch" (usually liq. or gel form) - As long as drug is saturated in reservoir, release rate of drug is constant (advantage over monolithic)
36
Transdermal Design Objectives
- Deliver drug at optimal rate - Contain necessary medicinal agents to release into stratum corneum - Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux - Have therapeutic advantage over other forms - Have components as adhesive, vehicle, and active agent - Adhere well to skin
37
Transdermal Advantages
- Avoid GI absorption - Substitute oral administration - Avoid first-pass effect - Noninvasive - Provide extended therapy - Drugs with short half-lives have extended activity due to reservoirs - Therapy can be rapidly terminated by removing patch - Ease of rapid identification in emergency
38
Transdermal Disadvantage
- Only relatively potent drugs | - Patients may develop dermatitis at application site
39
Transdermal Examples
- Scopolamine - Clonidine - Nicotine - Estradiol - Testosterone
40
Transdermal Considerations
- Absorption may vary to application site - Be applied to clean area - No skin lotion at application site - Should not be cut - Remove from package carefully not to tear - Placed at site to not be rubbed off by clothing - Cleanse hands before applying - Reevaluate if skin irritation results - Upon removal, fold so adhesives stick together to stop reuse
41
Suppositories
Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt
42
Types of Suppository Action
- Local Action | - Systemic Action
43
Rectal Suppository Factors
-Dose administered may be greater than or less than same drug dose orally
44
Rectal Suppository Physiological Factors
- Colonic content - Diarrhea, colonic obstruction due to tumorous growths - Lower hemorrhoidal veins
45
Rectal Suppository Physicochemical Factors
- Water soluble bases release both water and oil soluble drugs (Polyethylene glycols) - Particle size - Base interaction with drug inhibiting release
46
Fatty/Oligeaginous Suppository Bases
- Most frequently used - Cocoa butter, fattibase, etc - Cocoa butter melts between 30-36 degrees celsius. Just below body temp
47
Water-soluble Suppository Bases
- Glycerinated gelatin base most frequently used for prolonged localized action - Slower to soften - Usually used for urethral suppositories - Do not melt at body temp, they dissolve in body fluids
48
Rectal Suppository Examples
- Bisacodyl - Chlorpromazine - Hydrocortisone - Hydromorphone - Indomethacin - Mesalamine - Oxymorphone - Promethazine - Prochlorperazine
49
Vaginal Suppository Examples
- Sulfanilamide - Miconazole - Clotrimazole - Nonoxynol-9 - Sulfathizole - Terconazole
50
Suppository Storage
- Indicated on manufacturers label - Compounded supp. should be generally stored in a cool place, refrigeration is best, but avoid freezing - Warm to room temperature before inserting
51
Biotechnology
-Any technique that uses living organisms in the production of modification of products
52
Biotechnology can be obtained from?
- Recombinant DNA - Tissue culture - Living cells - Cell enzymes
53
Recombinant DNA(rDNA)
- Allows the removal of a specific piece of DNA out of a larger, complex molecule - Fragments of bacteria combined with fragments from humans, and viruses
54
Monoclonal Antibodies
-Produced as a result of perpetuating the expression of a singly B-lymphocyte
55
Polymerase Chain Reaction
-Biotechnological process where there is substantial amplification of a target nucleic acid sequence
56
Gene Therapy
-Exogenous genetic material is transferred into somatic cells to correct an inherited or acquired gene defect
57
Nucleotide Blockade/Antisense
- Function of specific proteins and intracellular expression. - Antisense drugs recognize and bind to the nucleotide sense sequence of specific mRNA molecules
58
Peptide Technology
Can serve as either protein receptor agonists or antagonists
59
Recombinant DNA Products
- Lepirudin - Efavirenz - Recombinant AHF - Colony stimulating factors (CSF) - Fligrastim - Sargramostim - Epogen, Procrit - Regranex - Somatrem - Interferon beta-1b - Aldesleukin - Recombinant Alteplase
60
Antisense Products
-Fomivirsen
61
Monoclonal Antibodies
- Muromonab-CD3 - Satumomab Pendetide - Rituximab - Trastuzumab - Palivizumab - Daclizumab - Basiliximab
62
Handling Biotechnology Products
Specific Instructions - Some are fragile chemically (shaking, too cold, etc can ruin some products) - Carefully read package insert for cautionary statements

P1 (12 decks)

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