Components of Developer and Fixer and its Functions

Question 1

build gray tones and interacts with film, also acts as speed indicator and is principal component as it provides intermediate density, sensitive to light and temperature

Answer 1

phenidone

Question 2

build black tones and provides upper scale density; sensitive to oxygen

Answer 2

hydroquinone

Question 3

added to hydroquinone in manual processing and is a reducing agent

Answer 3

elon/metol

Question 4

15x supperadditivity than mq (phenidone + hydroquinone)

Answer 4

pq

Question 5

a reducing agent used for manual processing (elon/metol + hydroquinone)

Answer 5

mq

Question 6

swells emulsion and allows reducing agent to penetrate to the emulsion by swelling

Answer 6

sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide

Question 7

strongest alkali/lye

Answer 7

sodium hydroxide

Question 8

maintain pH and a source of alkali (9.6-10.6)

Answer 8

buffering agent

Question 9

speeds up the development process and allows the reducers to attack the AgBr crystals after swelling

Answer 9

accelerator

Question 10

facilitates the swelling of gelatin

Answer 10

activator

Question 11

decrease and maintain level of Ph, provides the necessary alkaline medium owing to the hydroxide

Answer 11

alkanizer

Question 12

stimulate uniform development by reducing surface tension

Answer 12

wetting agent

Question 13

this chemical has components of restrainer, regulator, anti-foggant and starter solution

Answer 13

potassium bromide/iodide or sodium bromide/iodide

Question 14

protects the unexposed SHC

Answer 14

restrainer

Question 15

controls the activity of the reducers

Answer 15

regulator

Question 16

prevents development fog

Answer 16

anti-foggant

Question 17

added only to a fresh developer solution

Answer 17

starter solution

Question 18

chemical that has components of preservative, stabilizer, anti-oxidant

Answer 18

sodium sulfite or cycon

Question 19

prevent rapid aerial oxidation

Answer 19

preservative

Question 20

promote equilibrium of chemicals

Answer 20

stabilizer

Question 21

prevents rapid chemical oxidation, reacts with quinone and is capable of staining the film and form colorless compound called hydroquinone monosulfate

Answer 21

anti-oxidant

Question 22

a hardener or tanning agent used for automatic processing only; added for developer solution to prevent swelling of emulsion

Answer 22

glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde

Question 23

prevents damage to emulsion during transport

Answer 23

glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde

Question 24

a weak/temporary hardener component

Answer 24

developer

Question 25

a strong/permanent hardener component

Answer 25

fixer

Question 26

an organic restrainer added only to pq developer; prevent action of phenidone on the unexposed crystals since phenidone is not restrained by bromide

Answer 26

benzothiozole or benzothiosulfate

Question 27

year first roller transport system used hardener

Answer 27

1956

Question 28

meaning of edta

Answer 28

ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

Question 29

meaning of calgon

Answer 29

sodium hexametaphosphate

Question 30

chelates meaning

Answer 30

boric acid/salts

Question 31

a sequestering agent and oily substance that prevent precipitation of aluminum and calcium and forms a sludge in the bottom of the tank

Answer 31

edta/chelates/calgon

Question 32

a solvent that dilutes and concentrates the chemicals for proper strength

Answer 32

distilled water

Question 33

a chemical that has components of fungicide, anti-frothant, replenisher

Answer 33

bleach 5%

Question 34

inhibit growth of fungi

Answer 34

fungicides

Question 35

prevent bubble formation and aerial oxidation

Answer 35

anti-frothant/anti-foaming

Question 36

high in reducers, activator and preservative but w/o restrainer, can return the chemical activity to the original

Answer 36

replenisher

Question 37

chemical that has algaecide and is added to wash tank

Answer 37

bleach 6 ounces

Question 38

cause of exhaustion of fixer

Answer 38

dilution of water being carried into the tank from the second stage increasing alkalinity brought by the carry over the alkaline developed accumulation of the silver complexes which retard the clearing action of the thiosulfates decreasing acidity loss of hardening power oxidation of the sodium sulfite

Question 39

a stop bath or acid rinse bath recommended to neutralize the alkaline developer but is rarely used

Answer 39

acetic acid/sulfuric acid/boric acid

Question 40

provides the necessary acid medium

Answer 40

acidifier

Question 41

neutralizes the developer and stops the development action

Answer 41

neutralizer

Question 42

maintains pH level (4.2-4.9)

Answer 42

vuffer

Question 43

chemical that contains clearing agent and fixing agent components

Answer 43

ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate

Question 44

dissolves and clears away unexposed SHC

Answer 44

clearing agent

Question 45

permanents the image

Answer 45

fixing agent

Question 46

chemical that contains hardener, tanning agent, permanenting agent

Answer 46

potassium alum/chrome alum/al chloride

Question 47

shrinks and hardens the emulsion

Answer 47

hardener

Question 48

increases temperature at which the gelatin softens

Answer 48

tanning agent

Question 49

permanents the image

Answer 49

permanenting agent

Question 50

chemical that contains preservative, anti-oxidant and stabilizer components

Answer 50

sodium/potassium sulfite or cycon

Question 51

prevents deterioration of chemicals and helps maintain chemical balance

Answer 51

preservative

Question 52

internal and external oxidation

Answer 52

anti-oxidant

Question 53

maintains the equilibrium of the chemical in the solution

Answer 53

stabilizer

Question 54

chemical that contains sequestering agent and hyponeutralizer components

Answer 54

borate salts

Question 55

an anti-sludging agent which delay precipitation of Al hydroxide (alkaline) by increased pH

Answer 55

sequestering agent

Question 56

solution used between fixing stage and the final washing cycle to decrease the washing time of the film to prevent hyporetention

Answer 56

hyponeutralizer

Question 57

a chemical used to determine the presence of thiosulfate on processed films

Answer 57

hypokit/acetic acid, silver nitrate and solvent