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Physical Education > Component 2 - Sports Psychology > Flashcards

Component 2 - Sports Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Why might a performer use PEDs?

A

To increase muscle size and mass to increase strength, muscular endurance and power.
The benefits associated with winning such as money from sponsorships and praise.

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2
Q

When were PEDs first acknowledged as a problem?

A

1960s

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3
Q

When did the International Association of Athletics Federation ban the first athlete for testing positive for a PED?

A

1981 for anabolic steroids

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4
Q

In what year did the IOC create the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)?

A

1999

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5
Q

What are negatives of taking PEDs?

A

PEDs can affect mental health, including depression
Increase risk of acne and hair loss
Increase risk of heart failure

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6
Q

What are benefits of blood doping?

A

More red blood cells, greater aerobic capacity.

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7
Q

What are benefits of Human Growth Hormone?

A

Faster recovery time, greater strength, increased muscle mass, high metabolism to burn fat

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8
Q

What are benefits of peptide hormones (erythropoietin (EPO))?

A

Faster recovery time, more red blood cells, greater aerobic capacity.

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9
Q

What are benefits of beta blockers?

A

Reduced anxiety, greater focus, steady hands, no shake.

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10
Q

What are benefits of diuretics?

A

Weight loss, hides use of other drugs.

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11
Q

What are benefits of narcotic analgesics?

A

Can compete when ill.

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12
Q

What are benefits of stimulants?

A

Increased concentration and alertness, increased energy levels.

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13
Q

What are benefits of anabolic steroids?

A

Faster recovery time, greater strength, increased muscle mass.

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14
Q

What are the negative effects of blood doping?

A

Kidney failure, blood infections e.g HIV

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15
Q

What are the negative effects of human growth hormone?

A

Muscle and joint pain.

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16
Q

What are the negative effects of peptide hormones?

A

Heart attack.

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17
Q

What are the negative effects of beta blockers?

A

Dangerous heart rate, heart attack.

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18
Q

What are the negative effects of diuretics?

A

Dehydrated, dizzy, headaches, kidney failure, heart attack, muscle or joint pain.

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19
Q

What are the negative effects of narcotic analgesics?

A

Addicted, lack of focus.

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20
Q

What are the negative effects of stimulants?

A

High blood pressure, aggression, depression, increased heart rate, addicted.

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21
Q

What are the negative effects of anabolic steroids?

A

Liver cancer, damaged tendons, hair loss, acne, high blood pressure, aggression, depression.

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22
Q

Why is blood doping used and example?

A

Increased red blood cells means they can supply the body with more oxygen, meaning they can work aerobically for longer without getting tired or slowing down e.g long distance cycling.

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23
Q

Why is human growth hormone used and example?

A

Increased muscle mass, increasing muscular endurance, strength and power so that a weightlifter can lift heavier weights.

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24
Q

Why are peptide hormones used and example?

A

Increased number of red blood cells means they can supply muscles with more oxygen so that an endurance runner can ru aerobically for longer without fatiguing.

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25
Q

Why are beta blockers used and example?

A

Increased focus and steady hands means they are more likely to throw the dart more accurately and score higher points.

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26
Q

Why are diuretics used and example?

A

Decreased weight means they can qualify for a lower weight category, meaning they will come up against lighter opponents, increasing their chance of winning.

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27
Q

What are narcotic analgesics used and example?

A

The ability to compete while in pain or ill means that it can be worth competing in short events e.g sprinting.

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28
Q

Why are stimulants used and example?

A

Increased concentration means that an ice hockey player can react more quickly and avoid a tackle.

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29
Q

Why are anabolic steroids used and example?

A

Increased muscle mass and strength makes the baseball player stronger meaning that they can hit the ball further and score more runs.

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30
Q

What is an example of taking PEDs?

A

1993 - Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson took anabolic steroids. Stripped of medals and banned.

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31
Q

What is the environmental continuum?

A

Skills are either open or closed

32
Q

What is the difficulty continuum?

A

Skills are either basic or complex.

33
Q

What is the organisational continuum?

A

Skills are either high organisational or low organisational.

34
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment. The performer has to react and adapt to the changing situation e.g tackle in football.

35
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill performed in a predictable environment which stays the same. The performer doesn’t have to adapt e.g javelin throw.

36
Q

What is a basic skill?

A

A simple skill requiring little concentration to execute. Does not include complicated movements. More general skills e.g throwing, running.

37
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A difficult skill requiring a lot of attention and concentration. Includes complicated movements and more sports specific skills e.g somersault.

38
Q

What is a high organisational skill?

A

A skill that cannot be broken down easily and practised in parts because the phases of the skill are closely linked e.g golf swing.

39
Q

What is a low organisational skill?

A

A skill made up of multiple subroutines that can be broken down easily into different parts. Parts can be practised separately e.g swimming.

40
Q

What is fixed practise?

A

Practising a skill in the same way and in the same situation every time.

41
Q

What is fixed practice suitable for?

A

Closed skills - able to perfect technique as practised in the same way every time.

42
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Practice a skill repeatedly with no breaks.

43
Q

What is massed practice suitable for?

A

Elite performers with high fitness levels because they can self correct using intrinsic feedback.

44
Q

What is variable practice?

A

Practise skill in different ways every time and in different situations.

45
Q

What is variable practice suitable for?

A

Open skills - learn to adapt the skill to different environments.

46
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Practise a skill a number of times with breaks in between.

47
Q

What is distributed practice suitable for?

A

Novice or younger performers (allows coach time to provide feedback and for recovery) and for complex or dangerous skills so they have time to refocus.

48
Q

What are advantages of massed practice?

A

Good for elite athletes who can self correct
Good for athletes with high levels of fitness and motivation
Good for basic and closed skills
Repetitive - improves muscle memory and increases consistency

49
Q

What are disadvantages of massed practice?

A

Repetitive and boring - need motivation and concentration
No rest or recovery so easy to tire
Not good for dangerous or complex skills or someone with low fitness.

50
Q

What are advantages of distributed practice?

A

Good for motivation - reduced boredom because of variety
Suitable for novices - feedback
Suitable for those with low fitness levels - breaks = recovery

51
Q

What are disadvantages of distributed practice?

A

Less time efficient
Doesn’t mimic real competition scenario
Can cause loss of focus or momentum

52
Q

What are advantages of fixed practice?

A

Beneficial for closed and high organisational skills
Focus on learning and perfecting one skill
Good for basic skills requiring few decisions

53
Q

What are disadvantages of fixed practice?

A

Boring as repetitive
Requires high motivation

54
Q

What are advantages of variable practice?

A

Beneficial for closed skills as learn to adapt to different situations and pressure.
Variety reduces boredom

55
Q

What are disadvantages of variable practice?

A

Not as beneficial for closed skills

56
Q

What is visual guidance?

A

Involves the coach showing a picture, demonstration or video that the performer can copy, e.g. a hockey coach showing the performer a demonstration of how to shadow the ball. Photo or video needs to be of own performance or elite performance.

57
Q

What are advantages of visual guidance?

A

Can copy the movement
Can be done in large groups
Good for beginners to see what the skill looks like
Good when noisy

58
Q

What are disadvantages of visual guidance?

A

Time consuming
If demonstration is poor, incorrect movement is learnt
Unable to ask questions with video
Complex movements are hard to recognise

59
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

The coach physically supports the performer to move them into position e.g the coach supporting a trampolinist during a front somersault.

60
Q

What are advantages of manual guidance?

A

Get a feel
Build confidence
Break down into phases

61
Q

What are disadvantages of manual guidance?

A

Doesn’t feel the same as unaided
Become dependent if used for too long
Incorrect feel = incorrect movement
Can only be used 1 on 1

62
Q

Define guidance

A

Information to aid the learning of a skill

63
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

Involves the coach speaking and giving instructions or feedback e,g a netball coach explaining to the team how to change play during half time.

64
Q

What are advantages of verbal guidance?

A

Instructions given quickly during performance with no equipment
Good for more experienced

65
Q

What are disadvantages of verbal guidance?

A

Too much info is overwhelming
Relies on good, clear communication skills
Some movements are hard to explain

66
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

Involves the use of an object or mechanical device to support the performer e.g a swimmer holding a float to learn leg kicking

67
Q

What are advantages of mechanical guidance?

A

Get a feel
Reduces danger
Builds confidence

68
Q

What are disadvantages of mechanical guidance?

A

Not actually the same as unaided
Performer becomes dependent on support
Incorrect feel = incorrect movement
Cannot be used in large groups

69
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Comes from within -> self-correct
Good for experienced performers who can self correct and who have knowledge of the skill.
Problem solving and independence.

70
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

From outside source such as coach, team mate or spectator
Good for beginners with little knowledge of the skill and who can’t self correct
New guidance and identify problems

71
Q

What is concurrent feedback?

A

During performance
Same time as performance so acted on immediately

72
Q

What is terminal feedback?

A

After performance giving more time for detailed feedback
Doesn’t distract performer

73
Q

What is mental rehearsal?

A

Practising a skill in your head before physically doing it

74
Q

What are methods of mental rehearsal?

A

Visualising previous successful performances
Imagery (picturing the movements, event, or course in your head, reminding how it feels to perform successfully or what you will see)

75
Q

What are benefits of mental rehearsal?

A

Focus - removes distractions and blocks out crowd, allowing performer to concentrate on performance
Confidence - increases confidence
Anxiety - helps performer to calm nerves and reduce anxiety
Familiar - allows the athlete to picture what they need to do so they are more familiar with the skill course

Physical Education (8 decks)

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