Component 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Protection of vital organs (rib cage, cranium, vertebrae)
Muscle attachment
Storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
Blood production (RBCs, WBCs, plasma and platelets)
Joints for movement
What is the mnemonic to remember Skeleton functions?
James Bond Makes money Penny Smile
What are the four types of bones?
Flat, short, long, irregular
What is the role of flat bones?
Protection and muscle attachment
Examples of flat bones
Cranium, scapula, sternum and rib cage
What is the role of short bones?
Bear weight
Examples of short bones
Carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals
What is the role of long bones?
Leverage and movement
Examples of long bones
Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
What is the role of irregular bones?
Specific
Examples of irregular bones
Pelvis, vertebrae
What are the 20 bones in the body (head down)?
Cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, humerus, vertebral column, pelvis, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
What are the different vertebrae sections?
Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae)
Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
What are the 7 muscles on the front of the body (head down)?
Pectorals, biceps, obliques, abdominals, hip flexors, quadriceps, tibialis anterior.
What are the 7 muscles on the back of the body (head down)?
Trapezius, deltoids, triceps, latissimus dorsi, gluteals, hamstring, gastrocnemius.
Define flexion
Decrease angle at a joint (bending).
Define extension
Increase angle at a joint (straightening the joint).
Define abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body.
Define adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body.
Define plantar flexion
Pointing the toes.
Define dorsi flexion
Foot moved towards shin, pulling toes up.
Define rotation
Limb moved in a circular movement around a fixed joint, towards or away from the midline of the body.
Define circumduction
Limb is moved in a circle
Define joint
Where 2 or more bones meet.
Where is a pivot joint?
Neck (between atlas and axis bones)
What movement does a pivot joint allow?
Rotation
Where is a condyloid joint found?
Wrist (between ulna, radius and carpal bones)
What movement does a condyloid joint allow?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Where is a ball and socket joint found?
Shoulder and hip
What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
Extension, flexion, circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction
Where is a hinge joint found?
Elbow, knee, ankle
What movement does a hinge joint allow?
Plantar flexion, dorsi flexion, extension, flexion
Define agonist
The muscle that contracts (shortens)
Define antagonist
The muscle that relaxes (lengthens)
How do antagonistic muscle pairs work?
The agonist muscle contracts and shortens, pulling on the bone it is attached to by a tendon. The antagonist muscle relaxes and lengthens to create movement.
Define tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
Define ligament
Attaches bone to bone
What are the four antagonistic muscle pairs?
Bicep + tricep
Quadriceps + hamstring
Gluteals + hip flexor
Gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior
How do slow twitch muscle fibres work?
Contract slowly at low intensity to produce a medium contraction. They have good oxygen supply and are resistant to fatigue for aerobic exercise.
How do fast twitch muscle fibres work?
Contract quickly at high intensity (explosive) to produce a powerful contraction. They have low oxygen supply and are quick to fatigue for anaerobic exercise.
What are muscle fibres made up of?
Myofibrils
What is the difference between Type IIa muscle fibres and Type IIx?
Type IIx contract more powerfully and more quickly.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
TRANSPORT - carries oxygen, glucose, lactic acid and carbon dioxide around the body. The body has the energy it needs while removing the waste it creates.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL - Blood vessel lumen vasodilates, blood is cooler when closer to the skin. Body does not overheat, causing confusion and headaches.
CLOTTING - Platelets stick together to create a scab, preventing infection and blood loss. Prevents common injuries becoming life threatening.
What are the 4 heart chambers?
Left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle, right atrium
What are the 3 types of valves?
Bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar
What is the path the blood takes through the heart?
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava into the right atrium. Blood travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Blood leaves the heart for the lungs by the pulmonary artery, through the semi lunar valve. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs by the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Blood leaves the heart for the body through the semi lunar valve and the pulmonary artery.
What are the 3 types of blood vessel?
Arteries, capillaries, veins
Define arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Small lumen keep high blood pressure so blood travels fast to working muscles. Thick walls allow blood vessels to cope with high blood pressure and assist with vascular shunting.
Define veins
Carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart. Large lumen allow more blood to get back to the heart quickly. Blood pressure is low because the blood is far from the heart and fighting against gravity. Valves prevent back flow of blood.
Define capillaries
Blood goes from oxygenated to deoxygenated due to gaseous exchange and diffusion. Tiny lumen and 1 cell thick walls mean blood travels very slowly and easily through the blood vessel to allow gaseous exchange/ diffusion to take place. Blood pressure is really low.
What is the role of plasma?
Allows blood and nutrients to travel around the body (55% of blood).
What is the role of white blood cells and platelets?
White blood cells fight infection.
Platelets form clots to prevent excessive bleeding and forms a barrier to prevent infection.
(4% of blood)
What is the role of red blood cells?
Carries oxygen to working muscles/ organs. Removes carbon dioxide (41% of blood).
Define vascular shunting
The redistribution of blood, where blood is directed from inactive to active areas.
Define vasodilation
Widening of the lumen within blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to active areas.
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the lumen within blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to inactive areas.
What are the 8 main features of the respiratory system?
Alveoli, trachea, lungs, bronchioles, bronchi, intercostal muscles, ribs, diaphragm
Define inhalation
The process of breathing in.
Define exhalation
The process of breathing out.
What are the steps of inhalation?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm flattens and pulls the bottom of the lungs down. The intercostal muscles pull the ribs and therefore the lungs outwards. The lungs increase in size and the air pressure inside the lungs is reduced. The air pressure outside the body is now higher than the air pressure inside the body. Air travels from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure so air is pulled into the lungs.
What are the steps of exhalation?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Diaphragm moves back up into a dome shape. The relaxed intercostal muscles allow the ribs and lungs to move inwards. The lungs reduce in size and the air pressure inside the lungs is increased. The air pressure outside the body is now lower than the air pressure inside the body. Air travels from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure so air leaves the lungs.
Define intensity
How hard you are working
Define duration
How long you are working for.
Define diffusion
Molecules move from a high concentration area to a low concentration area to reach balance.
Define gaseous exchange
Oxygen in the alveoli moves into the capillary, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the alveoli.
How does gaseous exchange work?
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in capillary than in alveoli. Carbon dioxide moves from high concentration to low concentration (capillaries to alveoli). Higher concentration of oxygen in alveoli than in capillaries. Oxygen moves from high concentration to low concentration (alveoli to capillary).
What happens during exercise?
When exercising demand for oxygen increases. Oxygen delivered to muscles. More aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the muscles to be breathed out. Still some oxygen debt equals fatigue.
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
Define stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out per beat.
Define cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume. The amount of blood pumped out per minute.
What are short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
–> increased oxygen transport to working muscles.
What are short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Increased breathing rate
Increased tidal volume
–> working muscles demand more oxygen
What are short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
Increased muscle temperature
Increased muscle elasticity
Increased lactate production
–> lower risk of injury
–> higher risk of fatigue
Define breathing rate
The number of breaths taken per minute.
Define tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled in one breath.
Define vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
What are the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
Decrease in resting heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Increase in resting stroke volume
Cardiac hypertrophy
Increased number of red blood cells
Increased capillarisation
What is the impact of decrease in resting HR, increased resting stroke volume, increased cardiac output and cardiac hypertrophy on the CV system?
More blood ejected from the heart, delivering more oxygenated blood, meaning we can work aerobically for longer, delaying fatigue.
What is the impact of increased number of red blood cells?
More oxygen to working muscles
What is the impact of increased capillarisation?
More gaseous exchange means work aerobically for longer.
What are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Increased tidal volume and vital capacity, increased number of alveoli, increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What is the impact of increased tidal volume and vital capacity?
More oxygen can be taken into the lungs.
What is the impact of increased number of alveoli?
Athlete can work aerobically for longer.
What is the impact of increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
More O2 in, more CO2 out.
What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
Muscular hypertrophy, increased muscle strength, increased tolerance to lactic acid.
What is the impact of muscular hypertrophy?
Increased muscular strength, meaning more power.
What is the impact of increased muscular strength?
Produce more force.
What is the impact of increased tolerance to lactic acid?
Carry on exercising at high intensity without getting tired.
What are the long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system?
Increased bone density, increased strength of tendons and ligaments.
What is the impact of increased bone density?
Lower chance of fractures and osteoporosis.
What is the impact of increased strength of tendons and ligaments?
Joints are more stable and less likely to dislocate.
What is meant by the term viscous?
How slowly the blood flows (thick blood)
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Cardiac, voluntary, involuntary
What is cardiac muscle?
Only in heart, automatically contract and relax
Electrical impulse
What is involuntary muscle?
Not under your control
Digestive system
What are voluntary muscles?
Under your control
Biceps
