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Media Studies - Component 1 > Component 1: Section B - Industry and Audience - The Times and The Mirror > Flashcards

Component 1: Section B - Industry and Audience - The Times and The Mirror Flashcards

1
Q

Give at least three reasons/causes for the decline in newspaper readership.

A

At least three from:

  • Availability of information - people may have to look through the whole newspaper to find information on the topic that they want to, whereas online, they can search for it and be directly taken to the relevant pages.
  • Cost
  • Environmental issues
  • People are more informed, aware of sceptical of the information that they could be reading in newspapers as to how true something is.
  • People have a reduced attention span.
  • New technologies such as TV and the internet have taken over from newspapers for many people as arguably they are more convenient platforms.
  • People may not have the time to read the newspaper.
  • Active participation is not as easily available as it is with online versions of the news.
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2
Q

Give at least three examples of the effects of a decline in newspaper readership.

A

At least three from:

  • Organisations have to find new ways to survive.
  • Human unemployment increases - if less people are reading physical copies of the newspaper, then less copies need to be made which means that less people are needed to produce the amount of copies now needed.
  • Increase in soft news
  • Fewer organisations are controlling the media so it is less diverse.
  • Newspapers are advertising heavy as newspaper companies have to find new ways to survive.
  • Digital media is becoming more common.
  • Fake news is more common - with digital technology people are now more able to create news.
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3
Q

What is meant by the key term ‘production’?

A
  • The stages needed to complete a media product, all the way from the initial idea to the final copy.
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4
Q

What is meant by the term ‘distribution’?

A
  • How a media product is delivered to customers e.g. online or physically.
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5
Q

What is meant by the term ‘circulation’, using the example of the newspaper industry?

A
  • How many copies of the newspaper are distributed on average per day.

Circulation is not always the same as the number of copies sold as some newspapers are distributed without the reader incurring a cost.

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6
Q

What is meant by the term ‘vertical integration’?

A
  • Where one company acquires another company at a different level of the industry. For example, a vertically integrated company would be a distributor, retailer or magazine company that owns a printing company.
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7
Q

What is a conglomerate?

A
  • A large organisation that has interests spanning across a number of different business or industries.
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8
Q

What is meant by the term ‘ownership’?

A
  • The act of possessing something. This is relevant to Rupert Murdock, as he owns many media products and is ownership influences the political affiliations of the media products.
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9
Q

What is a paywall?

A
  • A system that stops the user of a website from accessing other parts of the website, unless they pay to do so.
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10
Q

What is meant by the term ‘rolling news’?

A
  • A 24h news service on the TV or radio that is constantly updated.
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11
Q

Which body regulates newspapers?

A
  • IPSO (Independent Press Standards Organisation)
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12
Q

Is it a legal requirement for newspapers to be part of IPSO, and what does this result in?

A
  • No, so many newspapers remain self regulatory.
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13
Q

Complete the sentence:

IPSO is fully _____ by the newspaper _____ and is ____ backed by the government.

A
  • Funded
  • Industry
  • Not
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14
Q

Give at least two examples of the problems with lodging a complaint about a newspaper.

A

At least two from:

  • Not all newspapers are regulated by IPSO.
  • Not all people may be able to explain how the codes of practise have been breached.
  • The scope that people can complain about to IPSO is limited.
  • People must complain within four months of the article being published.
  • People have 12 months to complain about an offensive article as long as it remains accessible.
  • Culturally competent people are favoured as complaints are logged online.
  • Complaints are only taken forward once they have been approved by an independent body - not all are taken forward.
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15
Q

What is a tabloid newspaper?

A
  • These newspapers focus on lighter news such as celebrity gossip and sport. They are aimed at a more working class audience.
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16
Q

What is a broadsheet newspaper?

A
  • A newspaper the publishes more serious news. These are aimed at more highly educated, middle class audiences who like to read more in depth articles.
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17
Q

What three groups are newspapers now divided into?

A
  • Quality newspapers
  • Mid market newspapers
  • Red tops
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18
Q

Who owns the Times?

A
  • Rupert Murdock
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19
Q

Why is it important that newspapers have an online presence?

Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • It allows them to adapt to trends - sales of physical newspapers are decreasing and online media popularity is increasing.
  • It allows them to reach a wider audience - news is more accessible to audience, takes less time to access and is cheaper.
  • It allows them to cater for younger or more culturally competent audiences who access their media online.
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20
Q

How has technological change affected newspapers?

Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • It has created an increase in alternative ways to access media, such as apps social media or newspaper websites. This means that the readership figures for physical newspapers has decreased, meaning that newspaper companies have had to find other ways to survive.
  • Money generated from selling physical copies is decreasing.
  • People sometimes now have to pay to access the newspaper.
  • The level of human unemployment has increased.
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21
Q

What are the advantages of online newspaper sites?

Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • They are immediate and up to date.
  • They offer more immediate interaction opportunities.
  • Apps are available.
  • The navigation tool allows users to quickly access the news that interests them.
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22
Q

What does the ownership of any newspaper tell us about the industry?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • It is dominated by people in high positions of power.
  • Journalists often feel pressured to report stories in the ways desired by newspaper owners such as Murdock.
  • Journalists often report stories that are not 100% true to get people to read them.
23
Q

What are some of the issues associated with citizen journalism?
Give at least one example.

A

At least one from:

  • People can be blamed for creating fake news as the news stories are not checked.
  • Citizen journalists are amateur, so stories/footage is not as professional.
24
Q

Who owns the Daily Mirror?

A
  • Reach PLC
25
Q

How does Hesmondalgh’s theory apply to the Daily Mirror?

A
  • Owned by Reach which owns lots of other newspapers and magazine’s too. Conforms to the idea that many companies try to minimise risk and maximise profits.
26
Q

How does Curran and Seaton’s theory apply to the Daily Mirror?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • Reach owns lots of newspapers which increases the risk of monopoly and shows that that they desire to have power and domination.
  • The Daily Mirror merged with the owners of The Daily Star, The Daily and Express and OK! Magazine - this shows Reach want to dominate and be powerful.
  • The Daily Mirror wants to be an essential part of people’s daily lives - this suggests that The Daily Mirror and Reach want to be powerful by becoming something that people purchase everyday and include as part of their daily routine.
  • The fact that Reach want the newspaper to be part of people’s everyday routine, also subverts the ideas that profit and power is the most important because the newspaper want to provide services that make people’s lives better and this suggests that they care about their readership.
  • Reach use the Daily Mirror to present their own ideologies such as political stance and their views on politics.
27
Q

How does Livingstone and Lunt’s theory apply to the Daily Mirror?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • Regulation is for the readers of the Daily Mirror so that they are not harmed by material.
  • IPSO isn’t compulsory so not all newspapers are regulated in the same way, which creates a loop hole for editors and allows self-regulated newspapers to write what they want without being punished.
  • The Daily Mirror is owned by IPSO which means that the information included within it is regulated.
28
Q

How can Shirky’s end of audience theory be applied to the Daily Mirror?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • Internet allows people to quickly voice their opinion about the newspaper which could cause the Daily Mirror to become unpopular due to the opinions being voiced via digital technology such as social media.
  • Internet access means that the Daily Mirror are likely to be making less money from selling physical copies.
  • More people are likely to become ‘citizen journalists’ so this would save the newspaper industry money on having to pay to send reporters to the scene. However, the quality of footage from ‘citizen journalists’ may be compromised because they are not professionals.
29
Q

How can Hall’s reception theory be applied to the Daily Mirror?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • The Daily Mirror would prefer for audiences to interpret the messages that they deliver in the intended way and ideally agree with messages being given to them.
  • Preferred readings are unlikely to spark debate which would mean that the popularity of the Daily Mirror is unlikely to be affected.
  • Negotiated ratings could possibly be likely to cause debate and negative opinions about the Daily Mirror.
30
Q

How can Gerbner’s cultivation theory be applied to the Daily Mirror?
Give at least one example.

A

At least one from:

  • The left-wing political stance that the daily Mirror has means that repeated messages of left wing ideologies are likely and cause audiences to believe in left-wing ideologies and ideas.
  • Taking the example of practice, the daily Mirror is left wing so will present Brexit in a negative way and support the ideas behind remaining in the EU. Repeated messages to this effect would be likely to persuade the readers that remain in the EU is the best option.
31
Q

With regards to Brexit, who do the Daily Mirror target?

A
  • Left wing, labour, remainers.
32
Q

Is the Daily Mirror left or right wing?

A
  • Labour - it has been loyal to labour throughout all elections.
33
Q

Is the average Daily Mirror reader anti or pro Brexit?

A
  • Anti-Brexit.
34
Q

What does the use of the phrase ‘fighting for you’ on the front page of the Daily Mirror, show?

A
  • Show’s that the Daily Mirror want the best for their readers.
35
Q

What does the serif fonts used in the front page headline of the Daily Mirror show?

‘NO DEAL…
NO HOPE..
NO CLUE..
NO CONFIDENCE’

A
  • The seriousness of the topic and potential lack of faith that the Daily Mirror and their readers have in Theresa May and Brexit as a whole.
36
Q

How does the headline below become appropriate for working class audiences and the political stance of the Daily Mirror?

‘NO DEAL…
NO HOPE..
NO CLUE..
NO CONFIDENCE’

A
  • Short and snappy headline - ideal for working class audiences who do not wish to read long articles.
  • Supports the anti-Brexit ideas of the Daily Mirror and those with left wing ideologies.
37
Q

What is significant about the main image on the front page of the Daily Mirror?

A
  • It would be engaging for the typical working class audience who like a lower text to image ratio.
  • The image used suggests that May is unhappy with the vote, and therefore supports the negative ideas around Brexit that the Daily Mirror and its readers have.
38
Q

What does the use of the lexical code ‘Brexit shambles’ used in the Daily Mirror suggest/do?

A
  • Supports the left wing ideology that Brexit is bad.

- Supports the idea of ‘no hope’ seen on the front page and the negativity about Brexit.

39
Q

What does the use of the lexical code in the Daily Mirror ‘time for a fresh poll and leader’ suggest/do?

A
  • Support the idea that left wing, labour leaders and MPs want another vote.
40
Q

What does the Jeremy Corbyn quote used in the Daily Mirror suggest/do?

‘IT’S A CATASRTOPHIC GOVERNMENT LOSS… YOU’VE REACHED THE END OF THE LINE’

A
  • Supports the left wing idea that Brexit is bad.

- Allows members of the public to find common ground with Corbyn, therefore engaging them with the newspaper.

41
Q

What does the fact that in the article about Corbyn thinking that Brexit is ‘catastrophic’, there is lots of text suggest in the Daily Mirror?

A
  • That the Daily could potentially be attempting to slightly widen their audience potentially to make up for the fall in readership of physical copies of newspapers.
42
Q

In the Daily Mirror, what does the following quote from Corbyn do?

‘IN THE LAST TWO YEARS, MRS MAY HAS HAD ONLY ONE PRIORITY - THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY’

A
  • Target the members of the public who are anti-Brexit or anti May.
43
Q

What is significant about the following headline used in the Daily Mirror?

‘EMBARRASSING DEFEAT’

A
  • It anchors to the idea of ‘Brexit shambles’ to create a negative image of Brexit and the vote, as well as to support the ideas of Corbyn and those with left wing views.
44
Q

What does the use of subheadings, in the Daily Mirror, such as the one below do?

‘WHAT DOES CONFIDENCE VOTE MEAN?’

A
  • Target the working class who stereotypically do not want to read large amounts of text and prefer a high image to text ratio.
45
Q

What does the use of the small typeface used in the Daily Mirror suggest?

A
  • The article is still giving people the detail but is broken down with subheadings.
46
Q

What does the following quote used in the Daily Mirror suggest?

‘I URGE THE UK TO CLARIFY IT’S INTENTIONS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. TIME IS ALMOST UP’

A
  • That Brexit is a mess.
47
Q

What does the use of comics in the Daily Mirror do?

A
  • Provide something which is lighthearted and comical.

- Attract a working class audience who do not always want lots of hard news.

48
Q

What does the use of more frequent images in the Daily Mirror do?

A
  • Attract working class audiences.
49
Q

What does the inclusion of soft news articles in the Daily Mirror do?

A
  • Attract potential working class audiences who may not always want to be reading about Brexit constantly.
50
Q

What does the inclusion of hard news that is not Brexit related in the Daily Mirror, do?

A
  • Add variety to the news being shared in the newspaper, which potentially reaches multiple audiences who are perhaps wanting news aside from Brexit.
51
Q

What does the fact that this Daily Mirror are offering a 50% discount do?

A
  • Target and attract working class audiences who are perhaps less affluent and looking to save money but still access the news.
52
Q

What does the fact that there is a discount website do for the Daily Mirror?

A
  • Allow the readers to have easy access to discounts.
53
Q

What does the inclusion of social media links in the physical copies of the Daily Mirror do?

A
  • Appeal to a more culturally competent audience who use social media.
  • Allows them to maximise their audiences.
  • Allow people to be interactive.

Media Studies - Component 1 (19 decks)

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