component 1 Flashcards

Question

main components of REBT

Answer 1

Ellis (1962) ABC model, activating event, beliefs, consequences, disputing beliefs effects of disputing. D and E are the most important parts. logical disputing, empirical disputing (is it consistent with reality) and pragmatic disputing (are they useful) mustabatory thinking- holding beliefs such as 'i must be treated fairly and give me what i need or they are rotten' unconditional positive regard- key to successful therapy, therapist must be non-judgemental at all times.

Answer 2

meta analysis by engles et al (1993) concluded that REBT is effective in treating a range of disorders Ellis (1957) claimed a 90% success rate taking on average 27 sessions, also useful for non clinical populations for exam anxiety Silverman et al. (1992) conducted a review of studies that used REBT. It was shown to be more effective or equal to other types of therapy (e.g. systematic desensitisation) for a range of disorders: 49 showed REBT to be more effective, 40 showed no difference.

Answer 3

doesn’t always work, Ellis (2001) believed that they may not be putting their revised beliefs into action and may not be putting cognitive effort into their recovery ethical issues: forceful therapy, could lead to anxiety client and therapist may have differing beliefs over religion

Answer 4

two lab experiments independent groups design different participants used each time ex #1: 45ppts ex #2: 150ppts

Answer 5

conducted in a lab, therefore controlled experiment. the experiment leads to casual findings, and there are fewer confounding variables that can change or influence behaviour. this is a strength because it means the study has high internal validity, so can be used for wider applications.

Answer 6

lack of ecological validity, foster et al (1994) found that if participants thought they were witnessing a real life crash, their recall would be more accurate

Answer 7

ex 1: 7 clips of traffic accidents, 5 groups, each group had a questionnaire but the verb changed (bumped, smashed, collided, contacted, hit) ex 2: 150 ppts divided into 3 groups, car accident film shown. 50 were asked “how fast were the cars going when they hit”, 50 were asked the same question but the verb changed to “smashed” and a week later 50 were asked if they saw a broken glass one week later

Answer 8

ex 1: smashed had highest speed estimate of 40.8 and contacted had the lowest of 31.8 ex2: “smashed” group was higher than hit and control

Answer 9

lack of valid consent, could cause psychological harm Huff et al found that nearly 60% of 500 cases of wrongful convictions involved EWT

Answer 10

sample was 1 participant, 9 month old little albert well lit dark room on mattress on table lab study, in controlled conditions at john Hopkins university controlled conditions such as baseline condition and the use of building blocks.

Answer 11

controlled conditions meant little/no extraneous variables OH Mowrer (1947) found that operant conditioning could explain the maintenance of phobias made by classical conditioning- two process theory

Answer 12

case study and sample means they cannot generalise results so it has a low population validity conducted in a lab so lacks ecological validity seligman (1971) predisposed to fear fear response could be due to frustration of having his thumb removed from his mouth so lacks internal validity

Answer 13

stage 1- establishing a conditioned response. showed no fear to initial white rat but joint stimulation with white rat and loud noise 6 times stage 2- testing conditioned response. a week later, just the rat was presented stage 3- generalisation: he was presented with a range of stimuli e.g. the rat, wooden blocks, a rabbit, a dog, and John Watson's hair. stage 4- changing the environment, he was taken to a lecture theatre. stage 5- the effect of time. a month later he was tested agai in the lab with a santa mask, fur coat, rabbit, dog and mask.

Answer 14

stage 1- began crying in joint stimulation phase, cried and crawled away when rat was presented without the loud noise stage 2- crawled away from rabbit, turned his head to the dog, kicked cotton wool stage 4- no sudden fear reaction in lecture hall stage 5- cried at fur coat pushed rabbit away

Answer 15

deterministic as schemas create stereotypes which determines the way we see situations nature and nurture- genes are ignored and social and cultural factors are also ignored

Answer 16

Piaget (1970) children's thinking is nit the same as adults, EWT research shown how witnesses are distorted by past event information which influenced police interviewing techniques scientific approach, PET scans used to locate areas of the brain for short and long term memory

Answer 17

conducted in sleep labs which means low ecological validity. secretion of sleep hormones and neurotransmitters can cause confounding variables false memory syndrome- toon et al (1994) subjective interpretation

Answer 18

Solms (2000) used PET scans to highlight regions of the brain that are active during dreaming. Results showed that the rational part of the brain is inactive during REM

Answer 19

reductionist- simplifies it down to mechanics of the mind and ignores biochem deterministic- follows the idea that we have no free will in how we behave and cannot change behaviour cannot be proved wrong- Karl Popper (1934)

Answer 20

quasi difference experiment IV: pleaded NGRI DV: glucose metabolism in regions of the brain NGRI group: 39 men, 2 women, mean age of 34.3 years old with a history of brain injury control group: not criminals, mean age of 31.3 matched pairs design

Answer 21

CPT 10 minutes before allocated start time to illicit brain activity in areas associated with impulse and response control FDG tracer 30 seconds after they started the CPT CPT for 32 minutes then was transferred to the pet scanning room PET did 10 scans using cortical peel and box techniques

Answer 22

parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum had lower glucose levels than the control group temporal lobe was found to have no differences occipital lobe had higher glucose metabolic rates than control group 23 NGRI's with a history of head injuries had no significant difference beyond slightly lower corpus callous activity. 14 NGRI were non white and showed no significant difference

Answer 23

statistically significant differences in brain glucose metabolism between NGRI and controls findings are not conclusive and may be one of many predispositions to violence, and further research needs to be conducted generalisations cannot be made to other murderers or other types of crimes

Answer 24

PET scans and a FDG tracer are objective standards of measure, so we can more strongly establish a casual relationship between the IV and DV laboratory experiment means high internal validity because the researchers were able to control any confounding or extraneous variables that may arise repeatability with the use of PET scans

Answer 25

CPT may not be internally valid because the difference between completing a CPT and killing someone is astronomically large and may activate other regions of the brain that a CPT would not.

Answer 26

lack of informed consent, the participants were off medication two weeks prior to the experiment so they were not In the right state of mind to give any consent they may have not understood their right to withdraw at any time

Answer 27

Seligman (2003) argues that the way to happiness, and the way to experience the best life you can is to develop our strengths and virtues. By bettering ourselves, and strengthening our natural “signature” qualities, such as kindness, courageousness and bravery, we can live “a good life”. Seligman argues that we should start by achieving a pleasant life, then a good life, then finally, the optimum which is a meaningful life. Essentially, the three can be broken down as follows: 1. The Pleasant Life: positive emotions and daily satisfaction 2. The Good Life: discovering our strengths and enhancing our lives 3. The Meaningful Life: using our strengths for a greater purpose Seligman argues that the way to live a good life is to develop positive connections with others, t

Answer 28

the positive approach focuses on free will and according to Seligman, happiness is not a result of either genes or good luck, it is a result of recognising and developing key strengths. The free will assumption is supported by research of Diener, who carried out research into the reasons why people are happy. Research by Diener and Seligman (2002) looked at the ties that students had with friends and family, measured in terms of the amount of time invested in these relationships. They found that the students who have the strongest ties were happier and there was also a negative correlation between level of happiness and depression. This emphasises the fact that we are in control of our happiness.

Answer 29

- feelings of happines and goodness are as natural as negative ones such as depression and anziety, so psychologists need to assign as much attention to positie states as they do negative ones - traditional psychology e.g. behaviourist, biological and psychodynamic follow seligmans (2002) disease model, the belief that traits such as virtue and happiness are less authentic than anxiety and stress - seligman also felt that traditional psychology focuses too much on mental illness rather than how humans can flourish and succeed. for example, from 1972-2006 the ratio of depression publications to wellbeing publications was 5:1 - an example of the focus on goodness and excellence in psychology can be seen in seligman's (2002) theory of signature strengths, which suggests theres 24 character strengths such as curiosity, honety and fairness which each individual has, and should be encouraged to nurture and develop these strengths to improve their wellbeing

Answer 30

1. The patient is taught relaxation techniques, e.g. breathing exercises or how to relax their muscles 2. the therapist and patient works together to form a desensitisation hierarchy- a searies of imagined events each causing more anxiety thn the last. ordered from least anxiety to most 3. patient works through the desensitisation hierarchy at their own pace, whilst practicing relaxation techniques e.g. breathing techniques or muscle relaxation 4. once the patient has mastered one step, they move onto the next step

Answer 31

- ignores nature, biological preparedness sleigman we fear things that are of biological significance to us, ancient fears are an adaptive behaviour - reductionist, only treats symptoms rather than cause of phobia so if cured, the problem still remains and the problem could come back in a different form

Answer 32

An individual who hold these beliefs will (at least) be disappointed and at worst be depressed. An individual who fails an exam becomes depressed not because of failing the exam, but because of the irrational thoughts surrounding the failure (e.g. ‘If I fail people will think that I’m stupid’). These musts have to be challenged in order for the individual to become psychologically healthy.

Answer 33

Alloy and Abrahamson (1979) suggest that depressed people see the world as it really is, and non-depressed people see the world in a more positive way (rose-tinted glasses). They call this the sadder but wiser effect and actually depressed individuals are more accurate in their estimates of the likelihood of disasters.

Answer 34

Participants were shown 7 clips of traffic accidents, ranging from 5-30 seconds. The clips were originally part of a driver safety film. After each clip a questionnaire was given. They had to recall the accident and asked a series of questions about the accident. There was one critical question: "About how fast were the cars going when they ____ each other?" There were 5 groups, 9 participants in each. The blank was smashed, collided, bumped, hit, or contacted. Estimates of speed were given in miles per hour.

Answer 35

The second experiment investigated whether leading questions bias the response, or whether the individual's memory of the event was altered. Part 1: A film was shown of a multiple car accident, it lasted less than 4 seconds. They were asked a series of questions, with one critical question of speed estimate. Each group had 50 participants. Group 1: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Group 2: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group 3: Control group. No questions asked. Part 2: One week later they returned to the lab. There was one critical question: Did you see any broken glass? There was no glass.

Answer 36

form of question can affect memory in 2 main ways: [Experiment 1] Response-bias factors: the speed estimates occur differently due to the critical word (smashed, hit etc) and this influences a person's response. [Experiment 2] The memory representation is altered: the critical word changes a person's memory so that perception of the accident is affected. Some critical words imply the accident is more serious.

Answer 37

Lack of valid consent No valid consent was given by participants. If they were told the true aims their behaviour would change, and then it would not reflect EWT in real life.

Answer 38

Watching a film of a car accident means the participants may not have responded in the same way as if they had a real accident. Could you expose participants to a real accident? This might be very distressing and lead to psychological harm that might not be diffused by a debrief.

Answer 39

s- It is objective and controlled scientific research. e- Brain scanning techniques, e.g. PET scans can be used to investigate memory and locate specific areas for short- and long-term memory. E- This means that, cognitive neuroscience has been used to pinpoint the exact biological mechanism for our cognitive processes. W- strength because it can be useful in finding out what the brain does 'at rest', and is a valid basis to other psychological research in this area

Answer 40

S- one strength of the cognitive approach is its usefulness. E- Developmental psychologists have used their theories in schools (e.g. teaching practice). Piaget (1970) said that children's thinking is not the same as an adults, and said, for example, that at age 8 or 9 children cannot think abstractly - and so cannot solve a mathematical equation without physical objects such as sticks. E- this has given schools an idea on how to most effectively teach their students, and this is demonstrated in schools with the use of concrete examples with younger children. furthermore, Eyewitness testimony research has shown how witnesses can be distorted by post-event information and this has influenced police interviewing techniques, e.g. no leading questions. W- this is a strength because it shows the broad, real world applicability of the cognitive approach

Answer 41

S: One weakness of the cognitive approach is that it does not fully consider both nature and nurture. E: While it does look at internal mental processes and the development of schemas through experience, it largely ignores the influence of genetic factors (nature) and social or cultural influences (nurture). E: For example, Piaget's theory of cognitive development overlooked the role of social interactions and culture in shaping children's thinking. W: This is a weakness because by neglecting important biological and social influences, the cognitive approach fails to give a complete or accurate explanation of human behaviour.

Answer 42

S- One weakness of the cognitive approach is that its deterministic. E: This is because it assumes that once we form schemas through experience, they automatically shape how we interpret situations and behave, leaving little room for free will. E: For example, Piaget argued that schemas are essential to a child’s cognitive development. A child may initially believe that anything with fur and four legs is a dog, until they learn to adjust this schema and recognise differences, like between dogs and cats. However, when this idea is applied to social development, it suggests that if someone grows up around racist beliefs, they will develop racist schemas and that this would determine how they think about and act towards others. W: This is a weakness because it underestimates the role of free will, meaning it may not fully explain how people change or challenge harmful beliefs.

Answer 43

Some say that the approach is too mechanistic, stating that human behaviour is like a machine. For example, the computer analogy for the mind. This is a weakness because social and emotional factors are ignored. For example, the role of emotions are ignored in their influence on cognitive processes. A computer is not influenced by emotion but a human is, so we cannot reduce and liken a human to a machine.

Answer 44

The 44 children within the case study were given tests to assess their intelligence and their emotional attitude. Then interviewed by a psychiatrist- information pooled together for a diagnosis. Weekly assessment continued for several months.

Answer 45

research from Lewis (1954) challenges Bowlby's findings into maternal deprivation For example, Lewis partially replicated Bowlby's 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 young people. In her sample, a history of prolonged separation from the mother did not predict criminality or difficulty in forming close relationships This is a problem for the theory of maternal deprivation because it suggests that other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation

Answer 46

retrospective recall might be inaccurate As Bowlby was asking the adolescent participants to recall separations that they had experienced years earlier, e.g. at 14 with prolonged separation and earlier families their responses would have been subject to inaccuracies/ distortions

Answer 47

Freud distinguished between the manifest content of a dream (what the dreamer remembers) and the latent content, the symbolic meaning of the dream (i.e. the underlying wish). The manifest content is often based on the events of the day. The process whereby the underlying wish is translated into the manifest content is called dream-work. The purpose of dream work is to transform the forbidden wish into a non-threatening form, thus reducing anxiety and allowing us to continuing sleeping. Dream work involves the process of condensation, displacement, and secondary elaboration.

Answer 48

The process of condensation is the joining of two or more ideas/images into one. For example, a dream about a man may be a dream about both one's father and one's lover.

Answer 49

Displacement takes place when we transform the person or object we are really concerned about to someone else. For example, one of Freud’s patients was extremely resentful of his sister-in-law and used to refer to her as a dog, dreamed of strangling a small white dog. Freud interpreted this as representing his wish to kill his sister-in-law. If the patient would have really dreamed of killing his sister-in-law, he would have felt guilty. The unconscious mind transformed her into a dog to protect him.

Answer 50

A person dreams they are walking through a beautiful garden, picking flowers, and chatting with an old friend. On the surface, this dream seems calm and logical (manifest content). However, according to Freud, secondary elaboration has organised random wish-fulfilling images into a believable sequence.

Answer 51

Solms (2000) used PET scans to highlight the active regions of the brain during dreaming. The rational part of the brain is inactive during REM sleep, whereas the memory and motivation areas are very active. Relating this to Freud, the id is given free rein while the ego rests. This research is effective because it provides empirical evidence to back up Freud’s psychoanalytic ideas with the use of modern neuroimaging techniques, which is an objective measure - validity.

Answer 52

False memory syndrome (FMS) is a condition where someone's identity and relationships are affected by false memories of traumatic experiences. These false memories come to light during psychoanalysis when the therapist uncovers past traumatic events. The patient is likely to believe the therapist as the authority figure. Toon et al (1996) even suggests that therapists implant false memories to make financial gains ( the therapy will take longer) - Also the result of FMS is that patients may experience much anxiety because of ‘memories’ of events that didn’t even happen.

Answer 53

age had no effect on subjective well-being, people were equally happy. inglehart (1990) conducted a survey of 170000 people from 16 different countries and found that there were no age differences. the mean score across all ages was 80% satisfaction. mccrae and costa (1990) found that people do experience crises, however these aren’t restricted to a certain point in life, for example the stereotypical “midlife crisis”

Answer 54

there were also no gender differences in life satisfaction, with both males and females 80% happy. however there are gender gaps in misery. Robins and Regier (1991) found women are twice as vulnerable to depression and anxiety, and men are five times as susceptible to alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder.

Answer 55

a persons race gave little indication to their happiness, the difference between African and European American’s self reported happiness was minimal. (Crocker &Major) the discriminated groups tend to maintain self esteem by focusing on skills that they excel in and focusing their negativity onto external problems such as prejudice. however inglehart 1990 nations do differ in happiness, 10% Portuguese reported being “very happy” compared to 40% in netherlands. collectivist cultures in general report lower subjective well-being that individualist

Answer 56

the effects of positive and negative circumstances are short-lived and therefore it is the individuals ability to adapt to these circumstances that can determine their SWB. for example, in the case of Gill Hicks she has recovered her hope and happiness after she lost both legs in an explosion in 2005.

Answer 57

Being mindful trains us to focus on our present thoughts, emotions and feelings. Through their focus on the present, individuals gain greater awareness of unhelpful, negative thoughts that dominate them, allowing them to control and minimise them. Mindfulness helps the individual to recognise when these negative thoughts are occurring and to alter their response to be more reflective than reactionary.

Answer 58

Guided meditation involves getting the client to sit comfortably, keeping their spine straight and asking them to focus their attention on their breathing, paying attention to their body’s sensations, thoughts and emotions. This alone stops automatic, negative thoughts from occurring. Meditation also helps the individual to accept that their thoughts are impermanent, the individual is therefore less likely to react automatically.

Answer 59

Once learned, Mindfulness can be practiced informally during everyday life, such as whilst driving, walking or cleaning. Informal Mindfulness is the opposite of multi-tasking. When the mind begins to wonder, the individual should bring their attention back to the sensations their experiencing.

Answer 60

crane et al (2014): for people who experienced three or more previous episodes of depression, mindfulness based cognitive therapy reduces the reoccurrence rate over 12 months by 40-50% compared with usual care williams et al (2013) MBCT is as effective at reducing reoccurrence as antidepressants

Answer 61

mindfulness grew from buddhism, and was not originally developed for mental illness. its main aim is to control thoughts and fully experience the present which may be way more useful for the mentally healthy rather than the mentally ill. when treating disorders, it doesnttackle the root cause of the disorder so would be impractical to use for phobias.

Answer 62

use in schools, shows that childrens behaviour can be conditioned. can be used in classroooms to maximise childrens learning and behaviour mcallister (1969) found that increased 'teacher praise' and 'teacher disapproval' led to a decrease in the incidence of innappropriae talking compared to a control condition where there was no conditioning. ensures children are ready for the workforce