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Phar 301 > Complications of heart disease > Flashcards

Complications of heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which half of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

A

Left

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2
Q

In what order do ion channels cycle during an action potential of the heart?

A 
Na channel opens/closes v quickly
Ca channel opens, ions enter cell
K+ Cl- opens, leaves cell
K/Na ATPase 
Na/Ca pump
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3
Q

Name the three conformational states of an ion channel

A

Resting
Activated
Inactivated

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4
Q

What are the main causes of cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Abnormal pacemaker activity and/or cardiac conduction

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5
Q

True/False? Drug toxicity is one of the many risk factors for Cardiac arrhythmias

A

True

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6
Q

What are the three treatments for arrhythmias

A

Electrical devices
Electrical ablation of abnormal pathways
Drug treatment

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7
Q

Name 3 ways to slow normal pacemaker activity

A

1) more negative diastolic potential
2) reduction of diastolic depolarization
3) more positive threshold potential

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8
Q

True/False? A small difference in threshold potential is enough to have a large impact

A

True

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9
Q

What are two examples of abnormal pacemaker activity that lead to cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Early afterdepolarization (due to prolonged plateau)

Delayed afterdepolarization (calcium overload)

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10
Q

Which of the two abnormal pacemaker activities arises from the plateau as opposed to the resting potential?

A

Early afterdepolarization

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11
Q

What happens when there is a disturbance of cardiac conduction?

A

The action potentials don’t cancel each other out at the ventricular wall and re-entry occurs

Exacerbates the situation and causes ventricular fibrillation (fatal)

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12
Q

True/False? Anti-arrhythmic drugs are relatively safe to use

A

FALSE, very low therapeutic index (killed more than placebo)

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of Na channel blockers and how to they work?

A

All delay action potential by slowing the heart

1A: Slow intraventricular conduction (increase QRS) and increase ventricular AP (increase QT)

1B: Selective for abnormal tissue

1C: slow intraventricular conduction only

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14
Q

How do beta blockers work as antiarrhythmic drugs?

A

Slow AV conduction and prolong PR interval

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15
Q

How to IKr channel blockers work as antiarrhythmic drugs?

A

Prolong ventricular AP therefor prolong PR interval

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16
Q

How do L-type calcium channel blockers work as anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

Slow AV conduction therefore prolongs PR interval

17
Q

What are three effects of diabetes on cells?

A

Macrovascular disease: gangrenous, might require amputation
Microangiopathy: thickening of basement membranes (might go blind)
Chemical: thickening of wall

18
Q

True/False? Side effects of some CV drugs include hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus

A

True

19
Q

How can diuretics cause hyperglycemia?

A

Depletion of K+, inhibiting insulin secretion

20
Q

What are the 5 types of embolism?

A
  • Arterial embolism (dilated left atrium) -> femoral artery
  • Venous embolism (deep veins of calf) -> block of pulmonary trunk
  • Amniotic fluid embolism (amniotic fluid in blood during pregnancy)
  • Air/gas embolism (after pregnancy/injury, air enters circulation)
  • Fat embolism (Complication of fractured long bone)
21
Q

What is the category of class I antiarrhythmic drugs? Give an example

A

Na Channel Blockers

e.g. Quinidine

22
Q

What is the category of class II antiarrhythmic drugs? Give an example

A

Beta Blockers

e.g. Propranolol

23
Q

What is the category of class III antiarrhythmic drugs? Give an example

A

I(Kr) channel blockers

e.g. Sotalol

24
Q

What is the category of class IV antiarrhythmic drugs? Give an example

A

L-Type Ca2+ channel blockers

e.g. Verapamil

25
Q

What is the category of class V antiarrhythmic drugs? Give an example

A

Miscellaneous (other)

e.g. Adenosine

Phar 301 (23 decks)

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