Complexities relating Genotype to Phenotype Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the wild type allele?

A

natural form go the allele
often dominant
functional protein

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2
Q

What is the mutant allele?

A

the mutation form
often recessive
often non-functional protein

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3
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Heterozygotes shoe an intermediate phenotype
red x white = pink
phenotypes reflect the genotypes

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4
Q

What is the scale of dominance?

A

Dominance describes as a scale
one slightly more dominant than others

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5
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Heterozygotes show the phenotype of both alleles
Expresses both of the different alleles they have

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6
Q

What do multiple alleles establish?

A

A dominance hierarchy

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7
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

where one gene contributes to more than one trait
mutation affects both types of cell in different ways
may not seem related

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8
Q

What are lethal alleles?

A

a lethal combination of alleles
die in the uterus
can cause skewed phenotypic ratios
indicates an essential gene
2:1 ratio not 3:1

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9
Q

Example of sickle-cell syndrome

A

complications of dominance and pleiotropy
incomplete dominance on physiological level
co-dominance on a biochemical level

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10
Q

Gene combinations

A

rare for phenotype to be controlled by a single gene
all interact to give different phenotypes

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11
Q

What is epistasis?

A

gene interaction where the effects of an allele at one gene hide the effects of an allele at another gene

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12
Q

What are complementation tests?

A

Test to determine if a phenotype arises from mutation in same or separate genes
if the same both cause non-functioning enzymes
if crossed, then the same genes, offspring as they have non functioning enzyme
if crosses, different genes, offspring both inherit one functioning allele

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13
Q

What is penetrance?

A

measurement of the percent of individuals with given genotype who will exhibit phenotype associated with genotype

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14
Q

What is expressivity?

A

measures the extent to which a given genotype is expressed at the phenotypic level

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15
Q

What are the interactions between alleles of genes?

A

dominance
incomplete dominance
co-dominance
pleiotropy
lethal alleles

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16
Q

What are the interactions between genes?

A

gene combinations
epistasis
genetic complementation tests