Co-evolution, Convergent evolution and Adaptive radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is co-evolution?

A

evolution of reciprocal adaptations of two or more species that have prolonged close interactions

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2
Q

what is an arms-race?

A

where innovation of one species leads to a counter innovation in the other

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3
Q

co-evolution in host pathogen interactions

A

R1 at low frequencies
selection for R1 allele
R1 at high frequencies
selection against E1 allele
Mutated E1, ineffective R1
selection against R1 allele
R1 at low frequency
selection for E1 allele

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4
Q

co-evolution in mimicry

A

more abundant species usually the model of the two species as ut is what the selective agent is cueing on

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5
Q

what is Bayesian mimicry?

A

may not involve co-evolutionary phenomenal evolution of warning colouration is asymmetric
shows warning colourations without being a dangerous species
can mimic to survive

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6
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

spread of new species of common ancestry into different niches
all major groups have undergone it
easily noticed in geographically isolated environments

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7
Q

what in convergent evolution?

A

organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt similar environments or ecological niches

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8
Q

what are the factors that promote adaptive radiations?

A

intrinsic factors
- metabolic and physiological opportunities
- developmental opportunities

efficient dispersal facilities adaptive radiation
- some species disperse well
- others cannot dispers
- changes in environement provide opportunity

extrinsic factors
- empty habitats
- intensity of selection

ecological release
- species expands its niche within own habitat where little competition for resources

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9
Q

Lake Malawi Cichild radiation

A

three major stages of vertebrate evolution
1. divergence of lineages into different habitats
2. morphological specialisation leading to trophic differentiation within habitats
3. sensory commounication diversification

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10
Q

what is the three stage radiation?

A

model emphasises importance of intrinsic factors
occur because of some form of selection, natural and or sexual

extrinsic factors only shape the radiation

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11
Q

what are examples of convergent evolution?

A

marsupials and placental mammals
African euphorbias and north American cacti
stem succulent cacti and stem succulent euphorbs

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12
Q

what is molecular convergent evolution?

A

example:

antarctic fish vs artic fish
both produce antifreeze
antarctic produce glycoproteins
artic produce unrelated antifreeze proteins
independent episodes of molecular evolution, same functional results

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13
Q

what is a homologous structure?

A

evidence of radiation

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14
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

evidence of convergent evolution

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15
Q

what are limitations of convergent evolution?

A
  1. contingency- evolution based on chance
  2. functional/physical constraints limit options
  3. developmental constraints
  4. genetic constraints
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