Community Medicine Flashcards
Epidemiology is the study of_____,_____,&_____ of health related states and events in a defined population the _______ of this study to the control of health problems
Distribution
Dynamic
Determinants
Application
Distribution includes a description of the disease frequency by?
Person, time and place
The interaction between different factors in transmission of a disease is
Dynamics of a disease
Risk factors or the factors that determine the probability of occurrence of a disease is also called
Determinants of the disease
Infection is:
The entry and multiplication of an infectious agent
Endemic is
a constant presence of a disease in a given area or population
The occurrence of a disease in the community in excess number of cases more than expected to this specified location and during the specified period of time during the past years is
Epidemic
The occurrence of one case of a completely and globally, eradicated disease should drink the bell for the beginning of an?
Epidemic
When the epidemic occurs in a small confined area, for example, school, camp or hospital, we call this
An Outbreak (a localized epidemic)
An epidemic affecting more than one country or a wide geographical area or region is called
A pandemic
Mention the components of the epidemiologic triad
agent
host
environment
For a disease to occur, a harmful agent should come into contact with a susceptible host under specified environmental condition. This is known as.
The epidemiologic triad
What is the difference between risk attributes and social traits?
Risk attributes are non-modifiable host factors
social traits are the modifiable host factors
Give a an example for each of a physical biological and sociocultural environmental factors
Physical: climate, pollution, residency
Biological: vectors such as mosquitoes
Socio-cultural: overcrowding, poverty, dietary habits
What is the role of community medicine in the stage of positive health?
Primary preventative measures such as health, promotion, counseling, and care of special groups
What is the role of community medicine in the stage of susceptibility?
Its role is primary preventative measures such as risk assessment, preventative measures, and susceptibility detection
What are the stages in the natural history of diseases?
Stage of positive health
Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-pathogenesis and subclinical
Stage of manifest disease, clinical disease
Stage of disability
Stage of death
What is the role of community medicine in the stage of manifest disease?
Its role is secondary preventative, measures such as control, epidemiology, registry, and disease burden
What is the role of community medicine in the stage of disability?
It is a tertiary preventative measures, such as disability evaluation, assessment of burden and rehabitation
Mention the role of community medicine in the stage of death
Registry, mortality rates, and economic impact
What is the stage of susceptibility?
The stage at which the disease has not developed, but the presence of risk factors favours it’s occurrence
What is the stage of pre pathogenesis?
The stage at which disease process has begun, but there are no detectible signs or symptom
E.g atherosclerosis happening before any sign of the disease appear
The practice of preventative medicine include includes:
- prevent the occurrence of the disease
- Health promotion
- Restore health impairment and minimize suffering
Examples of incubatory carriers
Mumps
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis B
Examples of convalescent carrier
Typhoid fever
What is a healthy carrier and give an example?
Our contact carriers that emerge from clinical or sub clinical case, they are apparently healthy, but they are shedding the organism
Eg poliomylities and cholera
Examples of chronic carriers
Typhoid, gonorrhea, and hepatitis B
Human carriers are classified according to duration into
Temporary carriers : shed for short periods of such as incubatory, convalescent, and healthy carriers
chronic carriers: shed for indefinite periods months and years: typhoid, hepatitis B, and gonorrhoea
Mention modes of direct infection transmission
Direct contact: HIV, gonorrhea, leprosy, eye infection
Droplet : mumps and common cold
Transplacental : German measles ( rubella ), HIV, toxoplasmosis
What is the difference between droplet borne and airborne infections?
Droplet borne is a direct MOT, agent is more than 5 µm example mumps and common cold
Airborne is an indirect MOT, agent is less than 5 µm example TB and influenza
Examples of a vector borne infections
Malaria, plague, filariasis, and rift Valley fever
Fomite borne Infections
Hepatitis A and eye diseases
Enumerate the indirect modes of transmission
Vector borne
Vehicle transmission
Airborne
Fomite-borne
Examples of common droplet infection
Measles, rubella, mumps, chickenpox, Rheumatic fever, influenza (airborne), COVID-19 meningitis tuberclosis (airbirne)
Indications of screening for STDs
High risk groups: sexually active females, pregnant females, and homosexuals
Mention specific measures to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted disease diseases
Immunization against HPV
Co-treatment of sexual partners
Screening for STDs
Examples of common contact transmitted diseases
Tetanus, schistosomiasis, perpural sepsis, Ebola virus disease
What are general and special measures to reduce transmission of common contact diseases?
General measure:
Proper chemotherapy
Snail control (schistosomiasis)
Health education
Environmental sanitation
Care during delivery and puerperium
Special measures:
Active immunization (tetanus)
Mass and individual treatment (schistosomiasis)
What are the four isolation categories (precautions in hospital)
Standard precaution
Airborne precaution
Droplet precaution
Contact precaution
What are the eight items of standard precautions?
Hand hygiene
PPE
Aseptic techniques
Proper waste management
Environmental cleaning
Safe injection practises
Reprocessing of instruments
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
What are the airborne precautions made at the hospital?
Standard precautions plus
-Negative air pressure room
-Limited movement and transport of patient
-Patient use surgical mask if are moved
Six core component or building blocks of health care systems are:
Service delivery
Health workforce (human resource)
Health information
Access to essential medicines
Financing
Leadership and governance
What are the 3 vaccinations that could be administered at birth to a newborn?
BCG
Polio
Hepatitis B
High risk children are those who have/ is?
- Congenital anomaly.
- Mental abnormalities.
- Malnutrition.
- Chronic diseases.
- Birth weight < 2.5 KG.
- Stunted weight and height during the first 3 months.
- Bottle fed child
- Dead parents.
- Born in a big family.
When is the second tetanus toxoid dose taken during pregnancy?
4 weeks after first dose or 3 weeks before delivery
What is the percent protection of the first tetanus toxoid vaccination during pregnancy? When is it given?
Zero%
At 1st antenatal visit provided being after 12 weeks of gestation
Neonatal death rate is an indicator of?
Effective woman health care service (mortality rate)
_________ is the most suitable health education method for elderly In egypt
Mass education
Mention 2 methods of healthcare education in elderly
Mass media
Counselling
Pap smears are done every_____ after a woman has had a normal smear
3 yrs
What are the screening tests done for the elderly?
Weight and height
Dipstick for diabetes
Blood pressure
Hearing and visual acuity
Annual mammography
Pap smear
Bone density for osteoporosis
Annual PSA
Annual faecal occult blood test
Alpha-fetoprotein
T/F
Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma using alpha-fetoprotein is done for all the elderly group
False; only for individuals serologically positive for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C virus positive
The activities of daily living (ADL) and the instrumental activities of daily living(IADL) is a measure of
Secondary prevention in the elderly (early detection, assessment and screening)
Travellers are advised to consult a physician________weeks before departure in order to allow sufficient time for immunization schedule
4-8 weeks
17D vaccine is
Yellow fever vaccine
Yellow fever, single injection vaccine validity begins after______ and persists for_______
10 days, life
Booster of tetanus and diphtheria is are recommended to be taken every____
10 years
Typhim Vi is a single dose given intramuscularly at least______ before travel
2 weeks
Dramaamine (antihistaminic anticholinergic) is used to prevent travellers from?
Motion sickness
_______ is the leading cause of travellers’ diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E.Coli
Which vaccination must be shown for the Hajj visa
Meningococcal vaccination
Most common causes of hospital admission during Hajj season is
Pneumonia
The most feared trauma hazard in Hajj is
Stampede
A person with experience in coding the causes of death according to the ICD
Nosologist
Define the viability of the fetus
The point at which the fetus can be supported to live outside his mother’s uterus
What is the international and Western timeline for viability of the foetus
Internationally 28th weeks of gestation
Western countries 20th weeks of gestation
The duration from point of viability (28th week) till the 7th day after birth is called
Perinatal period
The most sensitive index for the health status of a community and one of the indices used to evaluate the development of a country is
Infant mortality rate
What is the most common and important cause of maternal mortality?
Hemorrhage (Anti-partum and postpartum)
Incidence rate of disease is a measure of
Risk; estimate the probability of healthy people to develop the disease during a specific time.
Prevalence rate measure_________ in the community and it’s measured by______ studies
The burden of diseases, cross-sectional
Child bearing period is
15-49yrs
Crude fertility rate is an indicator for
Fertility and population estimation in-between census years
Reproduction rates measure the replacement of the _________ population only
Female
The ultimate goal of family planning program is to______ the net reproduction rate to________
Reduce, one
