Community eco Flashcards
Populations are linked by interspecific interactions that impact the survival & reproduction of the species involved.
“SYNECOLOGY” or community ecology
is the study of the interaction between individual species with their environment.
Autecology
is the study of interactions among two or more species or a population with their environment.
Synecology
−an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction
Community
−most abundant, highest biomass, powerful control over occurrence and distribution of other species.
Dominant Species
−NOT necessarily most abundant, exert strong control due to their ecological roles or niches… Sea Otters!!!
Keystone Species
number of species & abundance
Richness
Communities with higher diversity are
___________ regarding their productivity
Better able to ________ from environmental stresses
_____ to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range
More productive and more stable
withstand and recover
More resistant
_____ means that the population sizes and number of species remain constant over time (Equilibrium).
Stability
– events that change communities, remove organisms, or alter resource availability.
Disturbances
Components of Stability
______– force needed to change the community.
_______– ability of the community to return to prior state (equilibrium) after perturbation.
_______– how quickly community returns to equilibrium
_____– how much disturbance community can tolerate, and still return to some kind of equilibrium.
Resistance
Resilience
Elasticity
Amplitude
A mature stable community that is the final stage of ecological succession.
This type of community remains the same through out the time, if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the end result of succession process.
Climax Community
____are areas of land that are bordered by water
-can serve almost as a laboratory for the study of biogeography.
Islands
is the geographical analysis of the biodiversity of the plant and animal species on islands.
Also called _______
The species studied include species on land, in freshwater areas, and in the sea.
Island Biogeography
insular biogeography
The___________relates the number of species on an island to the land area of the island and the degree of isolation of the island.
theory of island biogeography
The theory of island biogeography wasProposed by _________ and _______ in the 1960s.
Robert H. MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson
The theory of island biogeography states that ____________ have fewer numbers of plant and animal species.
____________ have a higher number of plant and animal species and biodiversity.
____________ are overall easier for species to find and contain a diversity of habitats.
smaller, more isolated islands
Larger, less isolated islands
Larger, less isolated islands
The ______ is that a species will have a greater success rateimmigrating, or establishing a new home, to a larger island than on a smaller island. The rate of immigration is ____on larger islands due to a higher chance of a species finding the larger island and being able to survive there.
target effect
higher
Two significant factors that contributes to the rate of species change are:
the area of the island (size)
It’s distance from the mainland (Isolation)
Factors Influencing Species Diversity:
is the dying out of a species.
occur as a result of many environmental and evolutionary factors.
On an island, dying out of species reduces the overall number of species and the biodiversity.
extinction
Factors Influencing Species Diversity:
-It is the establishment of a home by a species in a new habitat.
-Species are able to immigrate when the habitat meets their needs for survival.
-Species have a greater chance of being able to immigrate to a new island when the island is larger.
-Islands that are more isolated are harder for the species to find and get to. A higher level of immigration contributes to island biodiversity.
Immigration
Factors Influencing Species Diversity:
-It is the departure of a species from its established habitat.
-Species emigrate from habitats because the home no longer satisfies their needs to survive or thrive.
-contributes to the decrease of biodiversity on an island.
emigration
-describes the balance of extinction and immigration of species on an island.
_____is a term that describes the condition of balance amongst several influential factors.
-It state or condition where there is a balance between the rate of species arrival and departure or extinction on an island
Equilibrium & Theory of Island Biogeography
Equilibrium
Itis the steady and gradual change in a species of a given area with respect to the changing environment.
succession
type of ecological succession
-Occurs when there are no traces of the original community remaining, including vegetation and soil.
-Pioneer species, such as lichens, are the first to colonize.
-The environment change as new species move in, adding nutrients and generating habitat
primary succession
type of ecological succession:
-Occurs when a disturbance dramatically alters a community but does not completely destroy it.
-Common after disturbances such as fire, logging, or farming.
-Occurs significantly faster than primary succession.
secondary succession
type of ecological succession:
This is only the change in the structure of an ecosystem on a cyclic basis. Some plants remain dormant for the rest of the year and emerge all at once. This drastically changes the structure of an ecosystem
Cyclic Succession
A ________ is an intermediate stage of ecological succession advancing towards the climax community
seral community
A _________ is replaced by the subsequent community. It consists of simple food webs and food chains. It exhibits a very low degree of diversity. The individuals are less in number and the nutrients are also less.
seral community
type of seres:
Succession in aquatic habitat.
Hydrosere
type of seres:
Succession in dry habitat.
Xerosere
type of seres:
Succession on a bare rock surface.
Lithosere
type of seres:
Succession initiating on sandy areas.
Psammosere
type of seres:
Succession starting in saline soil or water.
Halosere
type of seres:
Succession of microorganism on dead matter.
Senile
type of seres:
Development of vegetation in an era.
Eosere
Thisoccurrence of arelatively different sequence of the community over some time in the same area is known as_____.Each phase of ecological succession is called a ______. The initial sere was known as _______.
ecological succession
Sere or seral stage
Pioneer seral stage
model of succession:
_____is one of the mechanisms of succession where earlier organisms exploit the habitat and act as a ______. They are most capable of occupying and establishing on the site. Hence this initial species at a given successional stage make the environment more suitable for the lateral successional stage.
Facilitation
Pioneer species
model of succession:
All species in the successional stage have the capacity of establishing on a newly disturbed site. The existing organism in the successional stage has very little impact on later successional stages. The existing species won’t oppose (not severely) or even favour the newly invaded species.
Tolerance
model of succession:
Species in the existing successional stage (early species) makes the site less suitable for the development of other species. Hence, they restrict the invasion of invasive species by making the environment less suitable or harsher for upcoming species.
Inhibition
: Some plants secrete chemicals to make the soil less suitable for germination and growth of invasive species.
Allelopathy
