Communication

Question 1

What is communication

Answer 1

The sending and receiving of messages

Question 2

What are the non verbal forms of communication

Answer 2

1. Body language
2. Gestures
3. Physical distance
4. Facial expressions
5. Touch and smell

Question 3

What are Halls (1966) 4 levels of interpersonal space or ‘distance zones’

Answer 3

The intimate zone

• typical of people in close relationships or lovers
• direct contact (kissing hugging etc)

The personal zone

• typical of people who are friends
• 0.5 meters

The social distance zone
- typical of people in functional relationships Eg. Teacher and student

Public distance zone

• typical of strangers in public places (cited in Durkin, 1995)
• 12 meters

Question 4

How is facial expressions a form of non verbal communication?

Answer 4

By staring, looking away, frowning or smiling, we can show our interest or lack of it. This is because basic facial expressions are universal. People are taught this form of non verbal communication at a young age.

Question 5

How is gestures a form of non verbal communication

Answer 5

Have different meanings in different cultures and countries

Question 6

How is touch a form of non verbal communication?

Answer 6

The meaning of touch is different in different cultures and countries. Touching or patting someone on the head is a sign of comfort and warmth in Australia but a sign of disrespect in Thailand

Question 7

How are appearance and smell forms of non verbal communication?

Answer 7

Appearance is a basic way across the animal kingdom to signal desirability, attract a mate, indicate group membership. Smell on the other hand has the power to conjure up memories and emotion.

Question 8

When does effective communication take place?

Answer 8

When the receiver clearly understands the message the speaker intended to send

Question 9

What is effective communication?

Answer 9

Assertive communication, where you express yourself effectively, while also respecting the rights and beliefs of others

Question 10

What are the 5 C’s of communication

Answer 10

1. Clear
2. Concise
3. Courteous
4. Complete
5. Correct

Question 11

What is active listening?

Answer 11

A way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding. You can achieve this by: maintaining eye contact, asking questions only to clarify meaning, don’t interrupt or become distracted etc

Question 12

What are the two main causes of impaired communication?

Answer 12

Two of the major causes of delayed or impaired communication are hearing impairment and autism (Fletcher & Garton, 2007)

Question 13

What are the two types of hearing loss

Answer 13

1. Conductive hearing loss

2. Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 14

Why does conductive hearing occur?

Answer 14

• caused by problems in the outer or middle ear that prevent sounds being ‘conducted’ to the inner ear and hearing nerves.
• hearing may fluctuate and may affect one or both ears to varying degrees.
• Conductive problems generally affect the loudness of the sound that is heard. Eg: middle ear infection

Question 15

Why does sensorineural hearing loss occur?

Answer 15

• Due to a problem in the cochlea (the sensory part of the ear) or the hearing nerve (the neural part)
• Can be acquired or present at birth
• Leads to a loss of clarity as well as loudnes

Question 16

Language delay and the impact it has on communication

Answer 16

• Hearing loss present at birth or that occurs before language has been learned is more disruptive to language development than any loss that occurs after language has developed
• If children have at least some exposure to language, the effect on communication skills is not as noticeable as for children who have never heard spoken language

-Good language skills provide a firm
basis for later reading and writing skills,
and opportunities to benefit from
education.

Question 17

What do hearing aids do?

Answer 17

They amplify certain sounds and increase their loudness so they can be heard and differentiated

Question 18

What are the 3 ways Robinson (2003) suggest people initiate, maintain, and regulate interpersonal relationships

Answer 18

1. Shaking hands
2. Forms of address
3. Politeness

Question 19

What does Robinson (2003) think affects communication

Answer 19

• Certain conventions must be obeyed
• Affected by
  1. social status
  2. familiar and unfamiliar situations
  3. different cultures

Question 20

What are the 3 conventions of shaking hands according to Robinson (2003)

Answer 20

1. The way you extend your hand
2. The way you apply pressure
3. The length of time you shake the hand

Question 21

Forms of address (three distinctions) and where did they come from

Answer 21

At the bottom of all forms of address is the distinction seen in many foreign languages between the informal, familiar form of you (tu in French) and the formal (vous in French)

T/V distinction

1. Mutual T
2. Mutual V
3. T-V relationship (one party sends V and receives T and vice versa)

Question 22

What are the three T/V distinctions in communication (Robinson 2003) and give examples

Answer 22

1. Mutual T
   Both informal, seeing friends on the street
2. Mutual V
   Both formal, job interview
3. T-V relationship (one party sends V and receives T and vice versa
   One formal, one informal, teacher (informal) and student (formal) or Old relatives (informal) grandchild (formal)

Question 23

What are Brown and Levinson (1987) model of linguistics, two forms of politeness (has two kinds of politeness based on the notion of saving face)

Answer 23

1. Negative face or politeness
   A request seems less imposing e.g. “Would you mind…?” (indirect speech acts)
2. Positive face or politeness
   we want to be liked (direct speech acts

Question 24

Appropriate terms of politeness depend on…

Answer 24

1. the social relationship
2. social status
3. other conventions

Question 25

What is individual testing? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 25

Individual testing is administered to one person at a time and requires an oral response from the examinee. This test is preferred by psychologists in clinics

Advantages

• more attention paid to examinee
• examinee can be easily encouraged and their behaviour can be easily observed

Disadvantages

• very time consuming
• highly trained examiner
• cost more than group testing

Question 26

What is group testing? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 26

Group testing was developed to meet a pressing practical need, it is administered to a group of people at a time and requires a minimum of training on the part of the examiner.

Advantages

• administered to large groups at a time
• simplified examiner role
• scoring is more objective
• large samples lead to better representative/established norms

Disadvantages

• dependent on reading ability
• information is less accurate
• not detected if examinee is tired, anxious etc
• normally an individual is tested on all items in a group test and may become bored over easy items and frustrated over difficult items