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Biology > Communicable Diseases (3.1) (M) > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases (3.1) (M) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

the state of physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases are spread from person to person and caused by pathogens, whereas non-communicable are not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protists
  • fungi
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5
Q

How can communicable diseases spread in plants and animals?

A

by direct contact, by water or by air

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6
Q

Why can bacteria and viruses be hard to control once inside the body?

A

they reproduce rapidly inside the body

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7
Q

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues

also reproduce rapidly inside the body

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8
Q

How are viruses harder to treat than bacteria?

A

they live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

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9
Q

How can the spread of communicable disease be reduced or prevented?

A

by being hygienic (e.g. washing hands after being sick), destroying vectors, isolating infectious people/plants, and by using vaccinations

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10
Q

What type of disease is measles?

A

Viral

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

fever and a red skin rash

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12
Q

What is the danger of measles?

A

Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise

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13
Q

What prevention takes place against measles?

A

most young children are vaccinated against measles

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14
Q

How is measles spread?

A

The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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15
Q

What type of disease is HIV?

A

Viral

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

initial flu-like symptoms

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17
Q

How is HIV controlled?

A

with antiretroviral drugs

cure is extremely rare

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18
Q

What is the danger of HIV?

A

Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.

Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

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19
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles

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20
Q

What type of disease is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

A

Viral

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21
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

A

a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes

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22
Q

What is the effect of TMV? What does this lead to?

A

It gives a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

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23
Q

What type of disease is salmonella food poisoning?

A

Bacterial

24
Q

How is salmonella food poising spread?

A

it is spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions

25
Q

How is salmonella food poisining prevented?

A

In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread

26
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning? How are they caused?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

27
Q

Give both pathogen name and umbrella term associated with it

What type of disease is Gonorrhoea?

A

Bacterial

Sexually-transmitted disease (STD)

28
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Through direct sexual contact

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating

30
Q

How was Gonorrhoea treated?

A

It was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared

31
Q

How can the spread of Gonorrhoea spread be controlled?

A

The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom

32
Q

What type of disease is rose black spot?

A

fungal

33
Q

What are the symptoms and effects of rose black spot?

A

Purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow (chlorosis) and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced (due to less green chlorophyll to take in light energy)

34
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

It is spread in the environment by water or wind

35
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

It can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves

36
Q

Which 2 diseases (that we have studied) only affect plants?

A

TMV and Rose black spot

all others only effect humans (animal)

37
Q

Which pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

38
Q

The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes which vector?

A

mosquitos

39
Q

What are the symptoms and danger of malaria?

A

Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal

40
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

41
Q

4 needed

What are the the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens?

A
  • Skin
  • Nose
  • Trachea and bronchi
  • Stomach

specific = tailored to specific pathogen type, non-specifiic - all pathogens equally

42
Q

How does the nose defend against disease?

A

Has internal hairs, which act as a physical barrier to infection. Cells in the nose produce mucus, which traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs.

43
Q

How does skin defend against pathogens?

A

acts as physical barrier; if cut, a scab will be formed to prevent pathogens from entering and will heal itself

44
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi defend against disease?

A

They have smaller hair cells called cilia which waft up mucus to mouth to go down into stomach

45
Q

How does the stomach defend against disease?

A

It contains hydrochloric acid, which kills the pathogen (in the food)

46
Q

If a pathogen enters the body, what does the immune system try to do?

A

the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen

47
Q

How do white blood cells help to prevent against disease?

A
  1. Phagocytosis - [phagocytes] engulfing pathogens
  2. Antibody production - [lymphocytes] attaching to specific markers (antigens) on pathogens, killing them
  3. Antitoxin production - neutralising the toxins produced by bacteria
48
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

The introduction of small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body will stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies, that are specific to the antigens of the pathogen, so the pathogen is destroyed

If re-infected memory cells will respond quickly to produce antibodies rapidly

This will be similar for traditional re-infection

49
Q

How can the spread of pathogens be prevented by vaccination?

A

the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population so they are immune to a certain pathogen (herd immunity)

50
Q

Ulcers are caused when the mucus lining in the stomach is damaged, how does this occur when an acid-resistant bacteria enters the stomach?

A

bacteria not killed (by stomach acid / HCl) and so they damage mucus lining

so acid / HCl damages stomach tissue / causes an ulcer

51
Q

How may a disease spread from the roots of one plant to the roots of another plant?

A

in the soil

52
Q

6 marker

How do different types of organism prevent against microorganims?

A

Animals:

  • skin - dead layer that is difficult to penetrate
  • nose - hairs keep out dust and microbes
  • trachea - mucus traps microbes and cilia moves microbes
  • stomach - hydrochloric acid kills bacteria
  • white blood cells - e.g. engulf pathogens

Plants:

  • cell wall - difficult to penetrate
  • wax cuticle - difficult to penetrate
  • dead cells/bark - fall off taking pathogens with them
  • production of antibacterial chemicals - kills microorganisms
53
Q

How can scientists use a plant with a TMV-resistant gene to produce many plants with this?

A

Take stem cells from meristem

54
Q

3 marks - so only 3/4 needed

Explain how some people in the same place could die from influenza and the other group didn’t show any symptoms?

A
  • One group of people were immune
  • One group of people had antibodies
  • One group of people were vaccinated
  • The infected group caught disease off the non-infected group
55
Q

Explain why someone with AIDS may take longer to recover from salmonella food poisoning than a person without AIDS

A

Immune system is weakened

So white blood cells cannot kill salmonella/bacteria

56
Q

2 marks

How would increased phagocytosis of pathogen help the patient?

A

more pathogens will be engulfed by white blood cells/phagocytes

therefore less damage to cells/tissue

57
Q

Why will a measles virus not protect someone from the rubella virus?

A

antibodies are specific or needs different antibodies

Biology (23 decks)

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