Communicable Diseases 2

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases that multiply in the body

Question 2

How can pathogens be harmful to living beings

Answer 2

They release harmful toxins and chemicals - these make us ill and damages our tissues

Question 3

How can pathogens spread and give examples for all of them

Answer 3

air - influenza
water - cholera
direct contact (fluids) - HIV

Question 4

what 4 types of diseases can pathogens make?

Answer 4

viruses
bacterial
fungi
protist

Question 5

describe the main features of a virus

Answer 5

they need a host cell (a cell in the body)
they reproduce inside the host cell
when the virus leaves the host cell, it can burst the cell open and cause it to die

Question 6

name 2 ways of reducing the spread of pathogenic diseases

Answer 6

use of antiseptic
washing hands and basic hygiene
isolation of infected people
vaccination

Question 7

What disease type is measles?

Answer 7

virus

Question 8

how is measles spread?

Answer 8

via the air - coughing and sneezing

Question 9

What are the affects of measles?

Answer 9

can lead to brain damage and breathing damage

Question 10

what disease type is HIV?

Answer 10

virus

Question 11

What does HIV attack?

Answer 11

The immune system

Question 12

What is the affect of HIV?

Answer 12

as the immune system is weakened, less deadly diseases to other people can become fatal. The late stage is called AIDs and is generally fatal to everyone with AIDs

Question 13

What drugs can be given to anyone with a virus?

Answer 13

antiretroviral drugs to stop the virus reproducing, would have to be taken as a daily drug for the rest of the life to not develop any multipling - NOT A CURE!

Question 14

How is HIV spread?

Answer 14

Fluids

• sex
• needles

Question 15

What type of disease is samonella?

Answer 15

bacterial

Question 16

How is samonella contracted?

Answer 16

From ingesting infected poultry such as chickens

Question 17

Why is samonella dangerous?

Answer 17

It releases toxins that damage tissues

Question 18

What type of disease is Gonorrhoea?

Answer 18

bacterial

Question 19

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

Answer 19

Fluids

-sex

Question 20

What are ways of stopping Samonella?

Answer 20

Vacconations of chickens

Question 21

What are the ways of stopping Gonorrhoea?

Answer 21

• condoms

- tests after sex

Question 22

What type of disease is malaria?

Answer 22

protist

Question 23

How is malaria spread?

Answer 23

Via vectors(mosquito)

Question 24

What are the ways to stop malaria?

Answer 24

• mosquito net

- stop the vector from reproducing

Question 25

What are the 3 main functions of WBC?

Answer 25

• produce antibodies
• produce antitoxins
• commit phagocytosis

Question 26

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 26

The process of how phagocytes ingest and destroy pathogens. WBCs produce the phagocytes so they are able to ingest the pathogen so the enzyme can break it down

Question 27

Explain antibodies

Answer 27

Antibodies are made by the lymphocytes. They stick to pathogens like a lock and key and destroy them. They remain in the blood for a long period of time

Question 28

Explain antitoxins

Answer 28

WBCs produce antitoxins. These antitoxins stick to the toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

Question 29

Explain lymphocytes

Answer 29

lymphocytes produce antibodies against antigens - anything that is detected as foreign - virus infected cells

Question 30

describe a vaccination

Answer 30

injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen into the body. As the pathogen is dead it will not harm the human, however lymphocytes will produce antibodies. These stay in the blood for long periods, waiting for another infection.

Question 31

describe herd immunity

Answer 31

where enough of the population is immune to a pathogenic disease so that the disease is unable to spread.

Question 32

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 32

a drug that will kill the bacteria inside the body.

Question 33

What is antibiotic resistant?

Answer 33

where the antibiotic is unable to work on the bacteria as it has been abused, this leads to stains of bacteria that are not killed by the antibiotic.

Question 34

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 34

No as the virus reproduces inside a host cell

Question 35

What are painkillers?

Answer 35

Painkillers are drugs that treat the symptoms of a disease

Question 36

What are the 4 main tests for testing drugs?

Answer 36

testing for:

• toxicity
• safety
• efficiency
• dosage

Question 37

What are the stages of trials?

Answer 37

preclinical trials

clinical trials

Question 38

describe what happens in a preclinical trial

Answer 38

the drug is tested on tissues, cells and live animals to test for toxicity

Question 39

describe what happens in a clinical trial

Answer 39

the drug is first given to volunteers at a low dosage to test for toxicity again, then the drug is tested in either a blind or double blind trial

Question 40

What is a placebo drug?

Answer 40

A placebo drug is a fake pill/injection that is given to the patients as a control. In addition it rules out any bias.

Question 41

What is a blind trial?

Answer 41

A trial where there is only one party blinded and not knowing if there is a placebo drug or not

Question 42

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 42

A trial where there is both the doctors and patients that don’t know who has the placebo drug to rule out any bias completely.

Question 43

What are the symptoms of measles?

Answer 43

• Fever

- rash

Question 44

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Answer 44

flu - like illnesses

Question 45

What are the symptoms of Samonella?

Answer 45

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea

Question 46

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

Answer 46

yellow/green discharge around penis or vagina

Question 47

Where is a lymphocyte produced?

Answer 47

The bone marrow