Communicable desieses Flashcards
what is an antigen
a toxin that makes the body produce antibodies
what is an antibody
a blood protein produced in response to an antigen in the body which chemically bonds with a substance to counter a bacterial virus or foreign substances in the blood
What is a vaccine
where a small amount of a disease with an antigen inside injected so antibodies can be produced and ready if the disease is caught
What are vaccines made off
dead, inactive parts of a disease
where are antibodies made
white blood cells
What are vaccines used to defend
bacterial diseases and viral diseases
what are examples of bacterial diseases
tetanus, measles
what are examples of viral diseases
HIV, smallpox
how does the immune system work
When an antigen is noticed as foreign, antibodies are then produced to counter the antigen, the antibodies can counter the spread and movement of the disease and get rid of it out the body completely
what is a painkiller
a substance that treats the symptoms of disease, they do not cure the pathogen
what is an antibiotic
drugs that cure the bacterial pathogen
How do antibiotics work
they work by killing the bacteria that cause the disease. they do not harm your own cells. They can be injected directly to the blood stream, but normally taken as a pill.
Why do antibiotics not work against viral pathogens
viruses reproduce inside the cell, it is difficult to kill the virus and not haring the cell
How can antibiotics stop working on certain bacterial pathogens
The strains of bacteria can evolve so that they are not harmed by the antibiotic
Give an example of a painkiller
paracetamol
give an example of an antibiotic
penicillin
Why may synthesised drugs be better then drugs extracted from plants directly
there may be less side effects
can relieve pain and treat more efficiently
How was penicillin discovered
Alexander Fleming found a jelly like substance round the outside of one of his experiments, this was where some bacteria had been killed. he noticed the importance and then tried extracting the drug itself but failed. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain extracted it correctly and penicillin was founded
What is the noni fruit
It is a traditional medicine used in cost rica and may other countries to treat infections and non - communicable disease. research has found that this plant has antibiotic properties and it could be useful for the source of new antibiotics and medicines
What makes a good medicine
Effective
stable
safe
successful
how long can making a new medicine take
up to 12 years
how are medicines tested
on tissues and cells in the lab
if the chemicals pass, they will be treated on animals
define toxicity
drugs tested to see if they are toxic
define efficancy
drugs tested to see if they seem to do their job
