Communicable Diseases

Question 1

Blood smear

Answer 1

Neutrophils - multi lobed
Lymphocytes - nucleus takes up most of space
Monocyte- biggest WBC , kidney bean shaped nucleus

Question 2

Bacteria

Answer 2

Produce toxins
Plants - RING ROT - gram positive
+ TB

Question 4

Viruses

Answer 4

Uncade living cells uses host cell to make new viruses + then burst out
Humans - HIV + FLU
plants - TMV

Question 5

Proctist

Answer 5

May ned vector eg mosquito or aphids to transfer
Plant - potato blight
Human - Malaria

Question 6

Fungi

Answer 6

Produce spores which can carry long distances
Plants - Black Sigatoka
Humans - athletes foot

Question 7

How can malaria bypass primary defences

Answer 7

Pathogen directly into blood

Question 8

Opsonin

Answer 8

Bind to pathogen , easily regcosinable to phagocytes, increase phagocytosis

Question 9

Cytokines

Answer 9

Attracts phagocytes to site of

Question 10

Processes that lead to production of antibodies

Answer 10

B cells carry antibody on surface complementary to one antigen
Selected B cell proliferates, differentiating into plasma cells + plasma cells release antibodies specific to antigen
Clonal
T cells - release interleukins which stimulates B cells to divide
Clonal selection + expansion

Question 11

Diff strains mean

Answer 11

Each toxin diff 3D shape

Question 12

Overview of how pathogen dealt w (cell mediated + hum oral immunity)

Answer 12

APC ingest antigen + display on surface , T helper cell binds to APC, production of interleukin
B cells activates , Clonal selection + expansion
P,lasmacells produce antibodies
This is NOT full process

Question 13

Why is secondary immune response faster

Answer 13

Don’t have to wait for clonal selection, B memerky cells divide rapidly to produce plasma cells which produce right antibody